The dead branches and leaves can hang on living trees for as long as ten years or so in Chinese fir plantation.The biomass of dead branches and leaves on living trees is 4108.0 kg·hm^-2 in a first rotation stand of Chinese fir plantation with 14 site index and 13 years old, located in Dagang mountain area, Fenyi of Jiangxi. It is equal to 35.4% of the litter biomass of the stand.Determinations show the decay rates of dead branches and leaves taken from the canopy to the floor in the litter environment are far fast to the decay rates in the canopy.Therefore it is important for improving nutrient supply during the quick-growing phase and pole phase of Chinese fir plantation to take dead branches and leaves from the canopy to the floor to let them decay in the litter environment. There are four layers of dead branches and leaves distributing from 3.5 m to 8.0 m above the floor in the canopy. Because the dead time, the decay duration and suffered leaching intensity of one layer are different from another,so the decay rate of every layer in the canopy environment was determined separately.There are relatively distinct differences between decay rates of upper layers and decay rates of lower layers in the canopy environment. The decay rate of every layer in litter environment was determined also separately. There are a little differences between decay rates of upper layers and decay rates of lower layers in the litter environment.The decay mass of dead branches and leaves taken from the canopy to the floor in the litter environment is 2.3 times as much as that in the canopy.The total mass of nutrient return from the decaied branches and leaves in the litter environment is 3.5 times as much as that in the canopy.So taking dead branches and leaves on living trees from the canopy to the floor in good time during the quick growing phase and pole phase is one of effective measures to keep the productivity of Chinese fir plantation for long time.

Based on Bernoulli′s equation and hypothesis of wind speed attenuation in isolated tree crown, models of drag and drag coefficient of isolated tree are deduced respectively. This model prediction agrees well with data of wind tunnel experiment.

The photosynthetic characters of 9 Phyllostachy heterocycla cv. pubescens provenances were determined in 1996 The result showed that all provenances had 2 peaks of net photosynthetic rate (NPR) in one year.The first peak appeared in May,the second peak of southern provenances was earlier than that of other provenances.The provenance with the largest mean NPR came from Jurong of Jiangsu province,and the one with the lowest mean NPR came from Jian′ou,Fujian province.The NPR in each provenance increased with the increasing of latitude,and the provenances with the highest and the lowest NPR for single bamboo were in Hua′an of Fujian province and in Huoshan of Anhui province respectively.The range of light compensation point (LCP) was 570～913 Lux.The provenances with the lowest LCP which could use the light energy effectively were in the middle area,and LCP of those in the northern area was higher than the others.

Freezing resistance of 5 Citrus somatic hybrids were studied.The results showed that the freezing resistunce of Valencia sweet orange (C.sinensis Osb.cv.Valencia)+Ichang papeda (C.ichangensis Swingle) was -11℃,Valencia sweet orange+ ‘Key’ lime (C.aurantifolia Key lime) was -7.59℃,Valencia sweet orange+ Meiwa Kumquat (Fortunella Crassifolia Swingle cv.Meiwa) was -9.54℃,Hamlin sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.cv.Hamlin)+ Rough lemon (C.jamhiri L.) was -7.1℃,Hamlin sweet orange + Flying Dragon trifoliate orange (Pocirus trifoliata Raf.cv.Flying Dragon) was -12 89℃.And it was proved that freezing resistance of 5 citrus somatic hybrids was all between parents.Among them Hamlin sweet orange+Flying Dragon trifoliate orange and Valencia sweet orange+Ichang papeda had higher resistance to low temperatures than others.The test was also proved that freezing resistance of citrus somatic hybrids was hardly influenced by cultivation managements.

In this paper,the effects of tending methods on growth and population structure of young Chinese fir plantation have been studied.The results showed that preserving rate and growth of Chinese fir were greatly affected by tending methods.Block tending and overall tending were favourable to elevate survival rate,but non-tending was lowest.Tree height and sprout height basically showed block tending>overall tending>strip tending>chopping tending>non-tending,and this kind of trend became more significant in later period;The basal diameter basically showed overall tending>block tending>strip tending>chopping tending>non-tending.The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of tending on basal diameter was larger than on height.The results of multiple comparison showed that other four tending methods can effectively promote Chinese fir growth except non-tending,and there were no difference among them.The biomass per tree of block tending,overall tending,strip tending and chopping tending was 3.46,3.40,3.15 and 1.11 times as much as that of non-tending,respectively.Ratios of root/stem of block tending,overall tending,strip tending,chopping tending and non-tending was 0.1992,0.1931,0.1673,0.3575 and 0.2680,which be a kind of adaptive phenomenon that Chinese fir competes for underground nutritional space with vegetation under chopping tending and non-tending.The structures of height and basal diameter of Chinese fir population were certainly affected by tending methods,especially basal diameter structure.

In this study,exogenous gene Bet-A (encoding choline dehydrogenase,synthesizing glycine betaine) was introduced into Populus simonii×P.nigra by Agro-bacterium tumefacien,so as to enhance salt resistance in transformed plant.Firstly,the optimal media of P.simonii×P.nigra for bud differentiation and rooting were established.The sensitivity of the explants to Kanamycin was tested in order to decide a reasonable selective pressure for transformation.Secondly,Bet-A gene was introduced into leaves of asepsis plants of poplar by agrobacterium,and then transformed poplar plants were obtained.PCR and southern blotting analyses showed that Bet-A gene has been integrated into the genome of P.simonii×P.nigra.

By means of cryopreservation(-196℃)pretreated with cryoprotectants or not, characteristics of seed quality and enzyme activity of embryos were measured and analyzed both before and after cryopreservation, and long term storage feasibility was studied. The results showed that moisture content (MC) was the main factors deciding the cryopreservation effects of both C. henryi seeds and excised embryos. Moreover, the treatment desiccating down to a medium MC should be taken in cryopreservation process. Under the conditions of no cryoprotectants pretreatment, the optimal group of treatments was 15%～20% MC,mild freezing, and quick thawing. Otherwise, enzyme activity protected by cryoprotectants was higher than that of none, and the optimal group of treatments was 20%～25%MC, mild freezing, and slow thawing.

Through determining the contents of secondary metabolites in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Duzhong) leaves of different clones growing in the same site type, the result showed that the relationship between the growth features of individuals of Duzhong and the contents of secondary metabolites, and variance analysis of the contents of secondary metabolites is notable in different clones. The results show that the growth features of Duzhong (genetic factors) are important factors in regulating sythesis and accumulation of the secondary metabolites. Through analizing the relationship between the growth features of individuals and the contents of secondary metabolites, it is concluded that the contents of secondary metabolites in early budding individvals are higher than those in late ones, the gutta-percha contents in individuals with oval leaves are appareatly higher than those in ones with elliptic leaves, leaf area is negatively relevant to the gutta-percha content, the contents of geniposidio acid and geniposide in the smooth-bark type are higher than those in the rough-bark one; while sex, DBH, height and activity of nitrate reductase (NR) have no effects on the contents of secondary metabolites. These results provided theoretic basis for the selection of excellent clones.

The histopathological manifestation of interactions of poplars cultivars and leaf rust(Melampsora larici-populina Kleb.)with different compatibilities was investigated by using whole-leaf cleaning and staining technique at various times after inoculation. The results showed that the urediospore germinated 6 h after inoculation on poplar leaf, and then germ tube grew into stoma and haustorium was formed in the host cell 24 h after inoculation. Germ-tube always branched into several tubes and infected two stomas, or several tubes infected one stoma at the same time. Resistance expression occurs 24 h after inoculation, but there were differences among different compatible combinations. As to resistant host combination, urediospore germinating process and growth rate of germ tube were restrained, and haustorium formed later (36 h after inoculation) and small in number; the number of substomatal vesicle on leaf was small and cell death frequently occured. As to compatible combination, haustorium formed 24 h after inoculation. The number of haustorium and the size of colony in resistant species were smaller than those of the susceptible ones, but larger than the near-immune ones.

Tissue isolation for mycelia was conducted from ectomycorrhizal mushrooms Suillus granulatus (Fr.) Kuntze and Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb. collected in Jilin province and Russula rubra (Krombh) Bres. from Fujian province. The results showed that position of basidiocarps and kind of media were two of the factors determining the success of isolation. The DNA fingerprinting comparison was made to identify the isolates in this study. The results indicated that basidiocarps of Suillus granulatus from different sources were above the level of 0 939 DNA similarity coefficient, however, their mycelia isolates all had the same DNA fingerprinting patterns of RAPD (Random Amplified polymorphic DNA) using 10 arbitrary decamer nucleotide primers screened as their origin basidiocarps respectively, whose DNA similarity coefficients all were 1 000, and were therefore identified as true culture of the mushroom. In addition, the mycelia isolated from basidiocarps of Sclerodema areolatum were also authenticated as true isolates, but the cultures from a spawn unit of Fujian province had significant DNA heterogeneity with tested basidiocarps of Russula rubra, and were dertermined to be false isolates.

A species of entomogenous fungus was isolated from dead insect bodies of citrus aphid in Nanping city, Fujian Province. The species was identified as Fusarium lateritium Nees. of the genus Fusarium. The causal organism grew vigorously on PDA medium. Mycelia of the fungus grew at temperature range 10～35℃, and with an optimum at 20～26℃. The conidia was produced after incubation of 3 days at 25℃.The optimum temperature for conidial germination was between 20～25℃. The high relative humidity (96%～100%) was necessary for the germination of conidia. Bioassay results indicated that the fungus showed higher virulent to the larvae of citrus aphid. The LC₅₀ was 2.71×10⁷ spores·L^-1, and the LT₅₀2.21～6.34 days for the concentration of 10×10¹¹～10×10⁷ spores·L^-1.The spore suspension of F.lateritium was applied to control test in the field against citrus aphid, and the mortality was 91.80%.

The present study, based on the results of inoculation of Leptogramphium yunnanense associated with Tomicus piniperda on Pinus yunnanensis trees, made histological observations on the pine tree tissue infected by the fungi. The study demonstrated the pathogenic function of the fungi. The fungi were found in various types of the cells of the infested phloem and sapwood. In wood section the blue stained area appeared in the sapwood as the fan around the heartwood. Inside phloem tissue, the fungi mostly extended along various cell axes in vertical, and horizontally entered the adjacent cells through cell pets. The rule of the fungi distribution and growth inside the phloem and sapwood of the host trees were illuminated in this paper, and it so further proved that L. yunnanense is one type of pathogenicity fungi on Yunnan pine trees at some degrees.

In this paper it is researched that ultraviolet radiation, temperature, adhesive and processing have effect on wheat straw by the spectrum instrument of Electron Spin Resonance. The result of test shows that there is a same value of g-factor for wood and wheat straw. The processing has a similar effect on free radial of wood and wheat straw. The smaller wheat straw is processed, the higher it has free radial. The content of free radial for wheat straw is much lower than wood. The increase proportion is also much lower than wood after the change of wheat straw shape. The change from outer temperature can influence the content of free radial for wheat straw. The effect is not notability before 100 degree centigrade. The content of free radial for wheat straw increase clearly after 100 degree centigrade. The irradiation of ultraviolet radiation has effect on the free radial in wheat straw. The free radial content of wheat straw increases gradually along with prolonging the time from irradiation of ultraviolet radiation, but the value of increase is not big and goes stabilization. The action can take place between free radial for wheat straw and adhesive. The free radial content of wheat straw has a smaller decrease after the reaction between wheat straw and UF. However, the free radial content of wheat straw has a bigger decrease after the reaction between wheat straw and MDI.

A lot of environmental problems that belong to global problem, which any countries or country groups can not solve these by themselves, need for international social members extensively to participate and cooperate to solve them. Therefore, the paper studies several ecological problems crossing the boundary, such as to be caused by international trade and to be caused by international investment. The paper puts forward that international ecological taxation is an effective method, which can prompt people who destroy ecological environment to develop new clear technique in order to decontaminate and reduce tax. The paper also points out that the international quota of ecological tax should be distributed by the historic, accumulative and realistic outflow discharge of greenhouse gases, according to the principle of justice "Who pollutes, who compensates." International green fund which is based on international ecological tax should give priority ecological compensation to developing countries and indigent districts where people planted trees in large scale and preserve natural forest. Another thing, which should be considered, is that environmental cost ought to be listed into international trade items, because the main reason of trade destroying environment is that environmental value do not properly reflect in the prices of goods and serves. Finally, to ensure implementation of international ecological taxation in effect, we should adopt the strategy of higher tax rate and narrow tax bass, because the higher tax rate can ensure effectively to reduce environment pollution and the narrow tax bass can cut down the gross ratal in order to decrease resistance carrying out international ecological taxation.

In this paper eight Picea genera wood were selected to determine and compare the sound vibration parameters of Young's module,loss tangent (tan δ) and E/G under bending vibration condition.The relationship between these parameters and growth ring width and latewood percentage was analyzed.The results of this study could be a basis of evaluating the quality of Pices genera wood for musical instrument and establishing the method of reasonably using the parameters of growth ring width and latewood percentage in the selection of wood for musical instrument production.

A new method of X-Ray Non Destructive Detection for a log is presented in the paper. Computer Digital Image Processing techniques is used in the processing of detection. With fast median noise filtering, picture enhancement and differentiation, edge detection, the X-Ray pictures are much more clear, the defects in the picture are easy to be recognized by people. Digital Image Processing system is programmed in window system, the interface is clear and easy to use for operators. The experimental results show this method is effective.

The historical experience of Great West Development was briefly reviewed in this paper.Expatiation from theoretical and practical significances has been made on some basic principles that sustainable development should follow:harmonious development of human and nature,correspondence between the orientation of regional construction and gradients of environmental characteristics, and moderate development.The boundary of vegetation development was analyzed from tiers of need and possibility and methods and evidence for boundary definition were demonstrated with examples.Existing problems and solutions were pointed out from three aspects of the selection of water-saving plant species in vegetation construction,the rationality of community structure,and the Natural Forests Conservation Project and rational cutting.

Scientific Visualization (SV) produce a great impact in push the science and technology forward,and play an important role in the various domain of science research and production.This paper emphatically summarizes the feature,the present condition and the development ways of SV application in the forestry.Meanwhile,the writer's research achievements and experiences in the computer graphics simulation for forest scenery are introduced,then point out the existent problems and several key techniques which are need to be solved immediately,namely,(1)the generation of computer graphics of natural scenery,(2)the techniques of graphical database management,(3)the development of assist design tools for interaction interface,(4)the integration management of the various data from different source.Finally,the paper opens up a magnificent prospect for the application of SV to the domain of the forestry science.

As a new breakthrough point, nanometer technology will bring new technology revolution. This paper will look into the development in nm and μ technology and it's prospect applying to wood industry, and forecast the influence that the nm technology can bring to the wood industry in the future. Using the nanometer and micrometer technology can get high rate pulp in papermaking, if wood size is measured in nm, the relations of wood's material distinctive character, size effect and modified wood, and the microscopic construct of modified wood can make the modified have a breakthrough progress. When wood powder change into nm grain, the original wood's physical and chemical characters are all varied. Having the wood liquefaction at the fine powder state can change the way and cost of the wood liquefaction, and can make wood liquefaction really realized industrialization. In complicated wood carve products process, using RPM technique and direct CAD make the nanometer and micronmeter wood powder to form complication wood carve products, which can initiate a new wood converting way. Using wood cell's self combine way can form new wood matrix composites, nm wood powder production's bonding agent has no pollution, it can replace the poisonous bonding that contains formaldehyde, bonding agent's Green Revolution can start from nanometer and micrometer technology.

In this paper, the effects of three regeneration patterns, i.e. natural regeneration(N.R.), artificial measures promoting regeneration(A.M.P.R.) and artificial regeneration(A.R.) on stand structure, species composition, under-growth biomass and soil fertility of secondary broadleaved forests were studied. The results as followed: In 1200 m² sample plot, there are 159 species (tree 76 species) in N.R. stand, 130 species(tree 62 species) in A.M.P.R. stand and 94 species(tree 33 species) in A.R. stand. In the arbor layer, there are 14 families 28 species in N.R. stand, 12 families 26 species and 2 families 2 species in A.M.P.R. and A.R. stands respectively. The undergrowth biomass, in N.R. stand, A.M.P.R. stand and A.R.stand are 10.903 t·hm^-2, 13.893 t·hm^-2 and 6.018 t·hm^-2 respectively. Compared with the A.R. stand, the changes in N.R. and A.M.P.R.stand are showed respectively as followed: the soil bulk density of 0～20cm soil layer decreased by 12.44% and 7.89%,the capillary pore increased by 18.5% and 15.7%, the total soil porosity increased by 7.57% and 12.79%, the organic matter are increased by 4.03% and 1.50%, the total N increased by 19.02% and 29.30%, the total P(P₂O₅) increased by 63.4% and 29.2%.

Random amplified polymorphic DAN were used to study the introgressive hybridization between Huangshan Pine(Pinus hwangshanensis) and Masson Pine (P.massoniana). The results indicated that the hybrids and introgression existed in the overlap zone between two species. The backcross mainly occured between the hybrids and Masson Pine.

Activities of carboxylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase in Anoplophora glabripennis larvae feeding on eight different kinds of poplar trees were tested. The results showed that the activities of the two enzymes were significantly different when the larvae feeding on different poplar trees. The contents of fourteen secondary metabolites in eight kinds of poplar trees were also tested with the method of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Stepwise regression analysis was carried out to test the relationship between the activities of the enzymes and secondary metabolites of poplar trees. The analysis results demonstrated that the contents of benzoic acid and catechin decreased together with the increase of carboxylesterase activity while the contents of catechol increased, but the content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid decreased together with the increasing of glutathione-S-transferase activity while the content of phenol, coumaric acid, syringic, salicylic acid and salicin in poplar trees increased.

The ants'species composition and ant fauna of Mt. Taibai were studied. A total of 43 species belonging to 18 genera and 4 sub-families were recorded. Of the four subfamilies the two subfamilies—Myrmicinae and Formicinae—had the most number of species and the species compositions of them were very different according to different slopes. Myrmicinae was the dominant group in south slopes and Formicinae was the dominant group in north slopes. Species compositions of genus in different slopes were also distinct. Myrmica, Formica and Aphaenogaster were dominant in south slopes and Myrmica was dominant in north slopes. The widely distributed species accounted for larger proportion and the oriental ones were equal to the Palearctic ones. In Formicinae the widely distributed species were dominant and the Paleartic ones were subordinant to them. In Myrmicinae, the Oriental species were dominant and the Palearctic ones were subordinant to them.