The ecological services of forests, especially water and soil conservation, vary spatially due to the spatial heterogeneity of physical geographical elements, such as topography, soil, vegetation, climate. Guansi River hydrological (GSH)model, a general physically based distributed hydrological model on watershed level, was established in this paper. In GSH model, the watershed was distinguished into different regular cells. Each cell was supposed to be homogeneous in canopy structure, litter composition and structure, land surface features, and soil characteristics which were defined as different layers in the model. GSH model calculated water movements through the canopy and soil layers in every cell of the watershed and simulated water flow among neighbor cells, including rainfall, canopy interception, absorption of litter layer, infiltration, evapotranspiration, subsurface runoff and surface runoff. It can be obtained from GSH model the change of water distribution in the watershed when using the change of physical elements in both spatial and temporal dimensions as input of the model. By using GSH model, rainfall runoff processes were simulated in Guansi River watershed, Sichuan Province, Southwest China. The simulated result agreed well with the measured data.

In this paper, physiological index of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Oriental Arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis) and Apple (Malus pumila) under different soil water condition in the catchment afforestation field and under the condition of water menace was measured by portable photosynthesis system (LI-6200) and portable steady porometer (LI-1600) in Fangshan, Shanxi Province. The quantitative relation among net photosynthesis rate, carboxylation efficiency and water use efficiency with soil water content was studied. The result shows optimum soil water content keeping max net photosynthesis rate of Black Locust, Oriental Arborvitae and apple is 17.13%、15.9% and 16.11% in turn. Optimum soil water content keeping better leaf water use efficiency of three kinds of tree is 13.23%、10.17% and 12.38%. Soil water content is 15.7%, 15.5% and 15.8% in turn with the highest carboxylation efficiency respectively. Soil water compensation point for hydration of three kinds of tree is 4.55%, 3.91% and 4.49%. The suitable soil water content for transpiration rate of three kinds of tree is 18.82%, 19.70% and 16.33% respectively. According to the thought of catchment afforestation, the soil water content maintaining the best leaf water use efficiency can be chosen as a critical value for tree density control in catchment afforestation and the lowness value for calculating tree water requirement. This general index can be shown as 10%～13% for Black Locust, 10%～12.5% for Apple and 9.5%～11% for Oriental Arborvitae.

Based on the interspecific association, main component analysis, division method of optimization, and Markov succession model, the secondary succession of Pinus massoniana community on the natural condition in the mountainous county, Chun'an, Zhejiang Province was quantitative analyzed. The results showed that ①during the natural recovery process,4 tree species such as Pinus massoniana, Dalbergia hupeana were declined, 9 species such as Castanopsis carlesii, Lithocarpus heryi, Liquidambar formosama were transient species, 4 species such as Castanopsis Sclerophylla,Schima superba were progressive species. ②the succession process was divided into four stages:stage 1, pure massoni forest, stage 2, the needle broad leaved mixed forest dominated by masson pine, stage 3, needle and broad leaved mixed forest dominated by broad leaved species, stage 4, evergreen broad leaved forest dominated by Castanopsis sclerophylla,Schima superba and Cyclobalanopsis glauca. ③ the secondary succession was predicted by Markov model that about 25 years were essential for every stage, and 80～100 years were necessary for the recovery of mesophilous evergreen broad leaved forest.

Five plots of 1 600 m² including 320 contiguous grid quadrats in Luo Boyan Nature Reserve in Fujian Province were investigated and analysed to reveal size structure and spatial distribution pattern of Phoebe bournei population.The results indicated that P. bournei population structures at five plots were obviously different,but all in pyramid shape.P. bournei population in this area was steadly increasing, or maturing with about 10 803 seedlings·hm^-2 input.Mortality rate was about 82.3% from class Ⅰto class Ⅱ.Aggregate intensities of P. bournei population were different in communities of two types;Spatial distribution patterns in growth phases were effected by enviromental conditions,e.g.light level,slope gradient,and quadrat size.Factors causing the decrease of population were briefly discussed and protection measures were proposed.

The biomass, productivity and the ecological and economical benefits of Casuarina equisetifolia shelterbelt in coastal region of Pintan in Fujian Province were determined during 3 years. The biomass and net primary productivity of the shelter belt was 350.25 t·hm^-2 and 23.918 t·hm^-2a^-1, respectively. The effective protected range of the shelterbelt was 10 H(ten-fold of tree height) on windward side and 15 H on the leeside from the edge of the shelterbelt. In this range, the average wind speed was reduced by 24.3%, the average content of soil fine sand was increased by 1.1%, the average evaporation was reduced by 15.7%, the average precipitation was increased by an amount of 46.1 mm, and the soil moisture was increased by 1.1%. In the effective protected range, the crop yield was increased by 15%, with an increased dry weight per 1 000 kernel of barley and an enhanced coarse amylum content. The results indicated that Cauarina equisetifolia is the most effective in improving ecological environments of coastal region and contributes highly to the economic development.

Based on the sampling data, species richness, species diversity index and evenness index of plant communities in Wuyishan national nature reserve were discussed. The change law of community diversity in Wuyishan national nature reserve were as follows: species richness, species diversity index and evenness of plant communities increased along with the vegetation succession trend from needle leaved forest, needle broad leaves mixed forest to evergreen broad leaves forest with large variation among communities; the species richness, species diversity index and evenness of plant communities in different growth form all were in the following order: shrub layer>tree stratum. Phyllostachy heterocycla cv. pubescens community as an important vegetation, its species diversity in shrub layer was higher than that in other three communities; species diversity in tree stratum was obviously lower than that in other three communities, because of Phyllostachy heterocycla cv.Pubescens asexual propagation and its dominance in community.

The physiological parameters of five species, Yulania biondii (Pamp.) D. L. Fu, Y. liliiflora (Desr.) D. L. Fu,Y. denudata (Desr.) D. L. Fu, Y. axilliflora (T. B. Zhao et al.) D. L. Fu and Y. wugangensis (T. B. Zhao et al.) D. L. Fu were measured. Their light compensation point for photosynthesis was about 10.0 μmol·m^-2s^-1, the photosynthesis saturated PAR was about 1 000 μmol·m^-2s^-1, and the mean photo-respiration rate was 2.1 μmol·m^-2s^-1. The main photosynthetic difference among five species was the light saturated photosynthetic rate (p_max). The value of p_max of 5 species was 8.2 μmol·m^-2s^-1 for Y. biondii, 8.0 μmol·m^-2s^-1 for Y. liliiflora, 14.4 μmol·m^-2s^-1 for Y. denudata, 11 μmol·m^-2s^-1 for Y. axilliflora and 15.3 μmol·m^-2s^-1 for Y. wugangensis. The CO₂ compensation point for leaf photosynthesis was 127 μmol·mol^-1 for Y. biondii, 62 μmol·mol^-1 for Y. liliiflora, 52 μmol·mol^-1 for Y. denudata, 106 μmol·mol^-1 for Y. axilliflora and 51 μmol·mol^-1 for Y. wugangensis.WUE (water use efficiency) was also significantly different, and was 0.14% for Y. biondii, 0.29% for Y. liliiflora, 0.16% for Y. denudata, 0.20% for Y. axilliflora and 0.24% for Y. wugangensis. Y. biondii, the most important species for Xinyi medicine in China, its WUE was the lowest and its CO₂ compensation point was the highest among all five species, therefore it was important to irrigate the plants in the water limited environment and to maintain a relatively sparse canopy in order to increase the bud yield of Xinyi.

Tangtsinia nanchuanica is a kind of rare plants, a class Ⅱ protected species in China. Its wild individuals have been hardly found. In this paper, the eco-physiological characteristics of Tangtsinia nanchuanica and its relative Cephalanthera falcata were compared. Using the LI COR6400 Portable Photosynthesis System, we measured some eco-physiological indicators of the two plants. Except the indicators such as stomatal conductivity (Con), water use efficiency (WUE) and internal CO₂ concentration(Ci), Tangtsinia nanchuanica and Cephalanthera falcata had not significant differences in net photosynthetic rate(P_n), transpiration rate(E) and other indicators. The P_n, dark respiration rate(Rd),E, Con, Ci, Light compensation point (LCP) , light saturation point (LSP) , solar energy use efficiency (SUE) and WUE of Tangtsinia nanchuanica were 6.16(±0.4) μmol·m^-2s-1,0.47(±0.04) μmol·m^-2s-1,2.7(±0.2) mmol·m^-2s-1, 0.114(±0.02) mol·m^-2s-1, 206(±29) μmol·mol^-1, 10 μmol photons·m^-2s-1, 200 μmol photons·m^-2s-1, 9.6(±0.9)%, 3.1(±0.2) mmol CO₂·mol^-1 H₂O respectively. Accordingly, the P_n,Rd, E, Con, Ci, LCP, LSP, SUE and WUE of Cephalanthera falcata were 5.8 (±1.1) μmol·m^-2s-1, 0.45(±0.06) μmol·m^-2s-1, 2.6(±0.3) mmol·m^-2s-1, 0.101(±0.03) mol·m^-2s-1, 173(±51) μmol·mol^-1, 10 μmol photons·m^-2s-1, 200 μmol photons·m^-2s-1, 9.1(±1.1)%, 2.7(±0.7) mmol CO₂·mol^-1 H₂O. In the greenhouse, the high P_n values of the orchids were observed from 9:00 to 13:00 and the midday photosynthetic depression was not observed on sunny days in summer. According to the light response of P_n, Tangtsinia nanchuanica and Cephalanthera falcata were both shade tolerant plant but could tolerate strong lights less than 1 000 μmol photons·m^-2s-1. Based on the temperature response of P_n, the favorable temperature for the two orchids was 15～25℃. By the stepwise multiple regression, it was found that E, WUE, Con, Ci, air temperature and PAR were the most dominant factors affecting the P_n of Tangtsinia nanchuanica, and the Con, Ci, air CO₂ concentration, E, PAR, relative humidity and SUE were the most dominant factors affecting the P_n of Cephalanthera falcata.

The relationship between the antichilling ability of the plants and their physiological changes was studied in Acacia mangium PNE 17868 clone suffered from temperature changes from 12℃ to -6℃.The results showed that the electrical conductivity of the cells increased obviously,and the activity of ATPase reduced.At the same time the contents of soluble sugar,proline,and protein increased.Under the temperature of 0～-6℃,the activities of the protective enzymes,I.e.catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and superoxide dismutase(SOD),increased firstly and then decreased slightly.However they still sustained in a relatively high level.This indicated that the plants of Acacia mangium PNE 17868 clone had a relatively high adaptivity to cold stress.

Generally the fruiting ability of interspecific crossing in Larix is high, although there are differences between different crosses. The fruiting ability of the cross between L. kaempferi and L. gmelini was the lowest. It was revealed that the emptied seeds were mainly due to the self pollination through the experiments of open and self pollination. Some clones were almost total self incompatibility. The possible usage of these clones in seed orchard was discussed. Compared the process of pollen capture with different pollen (open-, self-pollens of L. principis rupprechetii and pollen of Pinus tabulaeformis) under control pollination, there was no selection between ovule and pollen at the pollination stage, and all kinds of pollen could enter into ovule canal. About 4 weeks after pollination, the tip cells of nucellus broke and secreted liquid into ovular canal, which promoted pollen movement to the nucellus and played important role for pollen germination. Through the histo chemical analysis, the distribution of protein changed from pollination to fertilization stage. At pollination stage, protein almost distributed in whole ovule, while at fertilization stage it gradually transferred to the upper tissue of nucellus. The specialties between ovule and pollen during pollen germination and fertilization were detected.

This paper mainly dealt with the study on shoot organogenesis culture in vitro and plantlet regeneration from sprout explants of Eucalyptus grandis. The organogenesis types of regeneration shoots and clump shoots were discussed. The optimal culture conditions were established by orthogonal tests and single factor tests as follows: (1)Initial media: S+0 5 mg·L^-1BA+0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA+3%sucrose;(2)Clump bud induction media: S+1.0 mg·L^-1BA+0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA+3% sucrose;(3)Efficiency seedling induction media: S+0.5 mg·L^-1BA+0.1 mg·L^-1 NAA+2.0 mg·L^-1 biotin+3%sucrose;(4)Robust seedling media: MS(1.5 strength of Fe and organic compound)+4%sucrose;(5)Rooting media:1/2MS+1.0 mg·L^-1 ABT+2%sucrose.

The breeding values of eight Paulownia species were predicted by Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) and Best Linear Prediction (BLP), Results showed that there were no significant effects on predicted results of breeding values based on BLUP whether with numerator relationship matrix (NRM) constructed by RFLP of cpDNA or not. If too much data available, breeding values could be predicted utilizing plot means values instead of individual datum or by the BLP instead of BLUP. Correction between the predicted values and the true genetic values was closely related to the variance among the predictions or the error variance of predictions, so the former could be used to indicate the precision of breeding values instead of later two coefficients. By compared variance and error variance among predicted breeding values based on provenance trails of P. tomentosa, BLP was a more reliable method to rank candidates than that of the least squares estimates. However, if repetitions were more than five, and individuals in every plots were over six, the precision of these two methods for breeding values prediction had little difference.

Bamboo compound fertilizer is a special fertilizer for Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.Pubescens growth,which is formulated based on the biological characters of Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.Pubescens and balance fertilizing.In this paper,the fertilizer of N,P and K were selected and used in experiment and practice,according to mixed design method.Based on the experimental data,mathematical models of projects and economic benefit were established,and an optimum combining scheme for practice was formed by computer simulating and optimizing.After application,the economic benefit of Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.Pubescens forest would increase about 35%.

The preliminary results of the study on forest identification with Interforemetric Land use (ILU) image produced from ESA tandem data is presented in this paper. The contents relate to the selection of bands for building ILU image based on the aim of recognizing, the production of decision tree using Oblique Classifier 1 (OC1) and rectification of decision tree with our software, the evaluation of classification precision on pixel to pixel and the error analysis. ILU image is generally combined in the following way: the R (red) band is the coherence image, the G (green) band is the intensity image and the B (blue) band is the intensity difference image. The coherence image for one pair of SAR data is exclusive which means the R band is changeless, but the others might be different expressions. After synthetically comparing and analyzing for the histograms of different images and the classified images, it is fixed finally that the ILU image for recognizing forest and non forest is composed of the coherence image?, the minimum value image (G) and the standard deviation image (B). We developed a classification software based on decision tree since the decision tree produced from OC1 is not satisfied our need of classification. The processing steps are as following:(1) to collect the sample coordinates of various classes using Global Position System (GPS) in field work, (2) to get the sample data from ILU image according to their coordinates, (3) to remove the case of small probability and to create the decision tree using OC1, (4) to classify ILU image with the classification software based on decision tree and (5)to do post processing on classified image. The classification accuracy for forest is 77%, for non forest is 81% and for totals is 79%. The conclusions are as follows: After Interferometric processing, many kinds of ILU image based on different aim of application can be composed with two intensity images and one coherence image of a pair of ERS 1 and ERS 2 SAR image to be apart one day. The minimum value image and standard deviation image are better for distinguishing between forest area and water bodies than another intensity images and different images. There is no unclassified classes in the result dependent on the algorism of producing decision tree of OC1, the classes selected should cover data value range of image as many as possible and the sample data should be as “pure” as possible to reduce the error in the classified result.

Involvulus haradai (Kono) is a new recorded species of the family Attelabidae, Coleoptera, in China injuring trees of Canarium album and Rhus chinensis. The adult damages the tender tops and sucks the fruit juice of C. album decreasing the tree momentum growth, fruit quality and yield. The yield loss of 5-year-old C. album may reach to 45%. The pest has 2 generations per year in Pinghe, Fujian Province. The larvae damages tree tips inside and lead them withered. When full grown the larva builds a cell in the soil at a depth of 1～7cm and over winter there. The adults emerge in the end of April next year.C. album damages more seriously at lower part of the hillside. Within the tree's seasonal growing period, the late spring and summer shoots are damaged more serious than the autumn ones.

The insecticidal activities of the four different extracts from a novel pesticidal plant—Stelera chamaejasme L. were studied. Three kinds of important enzyme systems of Tetranychus viennensis Zacher were tested. The results indicated that the extracts of S.chamaejasme had strongly pesticidal activities against T.viennensis. At the same time, when contacting with the extract in chloroform, the activities of protease, glutathione-S-transferase and esterase isozyme in T.viennensis were induced, but when feeding with the leaves absorbing the extract in chloroform, the activities of protease and glutathione-S-transferase in T.viennensis were not very clearly effected, but that of esterase isozyme was inhibited.

A new sawfly species of Cimbicidae, Hymenoptera is described from Gansu Province, China:Agenocimbex elmina sp.nov.. The type specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection of Forestry College, Northwest Science Technology University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China. Agenocimbex elmina Li et Wu, sp.nov.(Fig.1) This new species is similar to Agenocimbex esakii Takeuchi, but differs from it in thorax mainly black with only a few pale brown spots, the outer margin of front wing distincly infumate, antenna as long as thorax, the middle furrow in the postocellar area shallow, mesepisternum densely punctured, mesoscutellum without middle furrow and jugum of hind wing with a closed cell. Biology:The host of the new species is Ulmus pumila L.et al. and it has one generation a year.

Six kinds of characteristic about 55 species of leaves were analysed by applying factor analysis and cluster analysis.Through computing and analyzing,the ordering and sorting of fire resistance of leaves were obtained. So the result makes a reference function about selecting fire resistant tree species. From the conclusion of fire resistance, it may be concluded that factor analysis and cluster analysis adapt to ordering and sorting of fire resistance..

A series of solvent-exchanged treatments (by means of ethanol, acetone and pentane in different concentrations), and air-dried treatment, were made on the greenwood specimens from 5 trees of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and 5 trees of Masson Pines (Pinus massoniana) plantation. The permeability of these solvent-exchanged and the air dried specimens of both heartwood and sapwood were measured by means of rising water displacement method. The results showed the average permeability of the solvent-exchanged specimens of the heartwood and sapwood both in common Chinese Fir and Masson Pine were higher than those of the air dried respectively. The permeability of heartwood of the solvent exchange dried common Chinese Fir was 2.16×10^-12m³·m^-1, while that of air-dried was 0.11×10^-12m³·m^-1, 19.7 times smaller than the former. The permeability of sapwood of the solvent exchange dried common Chinese Fir was 4.72×10^-12m³·m^-1, while that of air-dried was 0.99×10^-12m³·m^-1,4.7 times smaller than the former. The permeability of heartwood of the solvent exchange dried Masson Pine was 0.39×10^-12m³·m^-1, while that of air dried was 0.17×10^-12m³·m^-1, 2.3 times smaller than the former. The permeability of sapwood of the solvent exchange dried Masson Pine was 5.31×10^-12m³·m^-1, while that of air-dried was 0.84×10^-12m³·m^-1, 6.3 times smaller than the former. The permeability of sapwood of both air dried and the solvent exchange dried specimens were bigger than the heartwood. Within tree comparison showed the average permeability of almost all of the sapwood of solvent exchanged specimens was higher than that of the air dried, while most of the solvent exchanged heartwood was higher than that of the air dried despite some has no change or even lower.

The characteristics of transverse fracture of Chinese Fir from macro and microcosmic, and the mechanism of strong toughness of wood was studied in this paper. The results are:The spread manner of transverse crack is that crack crazes through the grain firstly, and then rupture toughly along the cross section. The spread process of crack is divided into three steps:linearity, stabilization and non stabilization. The crazing toughness is independent of sample dimensions, for it is an inherent property of wood. Because of more cell and more layer with fibre reinforced structure, wood have a good toughness for transverse fracture. So in the low working stress condition, it could not be broken by the stress singularity from the point of the crack. Considered of this, when making safety designs of the wood components, traditional strength criterion could still be adopted and it is enough to calculate the general strength of remained dimension.

The wood of poplar is compressed,then the compression deformation is fixed by high temperature steam and heating.This paper discuss on the role of fixation wood compression deformation in the transverse direction.It is measured for the index of anti-swelling efficiency(ASE),moisture excluding efficiency(MEE),weight loss(WL),compression set and recovery set of compressive deformation and so on.The result show that the dimensional stability can be improved apparently by either high temperature steam or heating.At the same temperature condition,when the value of ASE go beyond the scope 50%,the time of high temperature steam treatment is short clearly compared with heated.Compressive deformation of poplar timber is nearly fixed completely while the temperature is 180℃,which heating treatment need to 15～20 hours,but steam treatment only need to 8 minutes.

Based on many results from experiments,the paper discussed the effects of 12 main factors of manufacturing particleboard on the thickness swelling and irreversible thickness swelling,which are hot-pressing temperature,hot-pressing time,hot-pressing pressure,density,moisture content of particles,resin consumption,wax consumption,adhesive species,particle geometry,particle species,particle pre-treatment and double pressing for particleboard.It showed that the reduction of 24 h TS of particleboard is by way of reducing its ir TS.And the essence of reducing ir TS is to release the internal stress by mains of discharging Non-expansion-work energy,to lessen the quantity of visco-elastic deformation and to decrease the destuction of bonding points.It aslo showed that all main factors except wax consumption have great effects on ir TS of particleboard,as a result,it is very important to choose the right conditions for manufacturing the particleboard with good demension stability.

There are 3 phases in hot-press forming for plant fiber tableware made by stone mechanic pulp. First, the model presses almost 75% water, second, the water among plant fiber cells is dried, and in the 3th phase the fiber is hardened when the wet raw material is heated near the temperature (160～180℃) of the model. During the practical production, the adjustment of hot-press parameters is mainly in the second period. This paper deduces the hot-press time-equation of plant fiber tableware which is tube-shaped based on heat transfer theory, analyses the relationship between parameters, and gives an application example.

That the bamboo resources of Yunnan is very rich and wide ranging due to the particular geographical place and complicated habitat. The bamboo resources of Yunnan are the most abundant in both species, ecological typus, and natural bamboo forests in the world. In this paper, the characteristics of bamboo diversity, relationship between Yunnan and its surrounding area, inside relationship from Yunnan bamboo diversity have been discussed. There are 5 characteristics in bamboo diversity of Yunnan, as well as valuable and rare germ plasm, floristic composition, natural bamboo forests, ecological landscape, bamboo culture of national minority. The bamboo diversity of Yunnan is closely linked with that of its periphery area, include Southeast Asia, the subcontinent of South Asia, Zhujiang River Valley, China, Yangtse River Valley, China, and Himalayas. The authors suggest that the valuable and rare bamboo species would be classified as the list of wild plants of national priority protection; the monographic study for them would be aided financially by National Fund of Natural Science; three germplasm bases would be invested by the government.

The optical brighteners were recently found to enhance the biological activity of viruses against insects of economic importance.The chemicals,which are stilbenes,improve the ability of a virus to infect and kill its hosts and to act as a UV protectant.Depending on the host-virus combination,the brighteners were shown to reduce the amount of virus required to kill(LC₅₀) and(in some instances)the time required to kill(LT₅₀).The righteners were also shown to cause lethal virus infections in insects harboring sub-lethal amounts of virus.In addition,the host range for a given virus might be enlarged.The brighteners had the potential to be very useful as a component in virus formulations for the control of insect pest populations.Whereas the site of action(insect midgut) was known,the mode of action was not yet fully understood.Additional research in this area will lead to a greater understanding of the mechanisms and will result in getting new methods for biocontrol.The present paper reviews the research on optical brighteners as enhancers,and the possible problems and applications for field operation.For example,formulations containing brighteners would be most suitable to control forest insect pests without damage to the environment.

To explore the effects of air temperature rise(ATR)on photosynthesis and growth in the native xeric tree species,Salix matsudana in semi-arid Mu Us sandland,the temperature gradient was set up through using small solar dome to increase air temperature.ATR had no significant effects on initial fluorescence,maximum quantum yield,and the ratio of maximum fluorescence to initial fluorescence of the leaves of this species,but had significant influence on their variable fluorescence,photosynthesis rate,transpiration rate,water use efficiency,and the ratio of substomatal CO₂ to atmospheric CO₂.ATR affected plant biomass,plant height,leaf weight ratio,root weight ratio,specific leaf area,and leaf area ratio significantly,while had no significant effects on specific root length.Moderate ATR may be beneficial to accelerate the species' growth during growing season.

The active oxygen content, MDA content and electrolyte leakage in the leaves of Betula platyphylla seedlings increased under the soil drought stress. Activity of cell defense enzymes changed markedly when the stress of draught was intensified. SOD activity increased then decreased, POD activity decreased and CAT activity decreased then increased. All above physiological index returned to approach the normal level before stress after the water of soil was recovered.

In order to expound the role of litter in controlling soil and water loss,the soil and water conservation functions of litter in Chinese pine stand have been studied,using the method of location monitor combined with simulation experiment.The results of the studies showed that the average interception rate of the litter is 12.4%,it's retarding effect on runoff is related to litter thickness,slope and runoff depth.The mathematical equation between them is ΔT=13.490·l^0.245·α^-0.200·q^-0.186,the annual soil evaporation restrained by litter of 2 cm in thickness is 138.6mm,and the litter of 1.5 cm in thickness can decrease the splash erosion by 97.5% and increase soil antiscourability by 96.7%.Compared with the bare slope,the physical and chemical properties of soil covered with litter are improved obviously.All these provide the scientific basis for the rational management of forest and the estabishment of the optimal structure of stand.

This paper reports the studies on one soft(gymnosperm)wood,which have been excavated from the city of Wuhan,Hubei Province,is situated on northern bank of Changjiang River in China.The ancient wood lie hidden 31～32 m on the undergrond and 9300 years ago(Early Holocene).According to the observation of wood anatomical features,it was identified to be Keteleeria sp.