Data were collected from 10 small town、29 villages、more than 200 farmers and 160 non\|farmers in Huize County and Qingzhen City. Taken Huize County and Qingzhen City as examples,the effects of the conversion of cropland to forestland on peasants' life were analyzed. Results showed: Firstly,replaced farmers were compensated within 5 to 8 years, their income would be increased obviously and their initiative in conversion of cropland to forestland would be aroused. However, influenced by economic interests, most of them paid more attention to the rights of compensation policy, ignored duties of forest management. Secondly,after replaced land, most of them were not interested in increasing the level of intensive farming for the surplus cultivated land, and heavily dependened on subsidy of the state.Once cash and grain subsidy were stopped, the income from their forest land was not available, they would remain poverty. Therefore, to establish and consummate the economic compensation system of the conversion of cropland to forestland would play very important role for both the peasants and relative sectors, promoting the participation of ecological construction and strengthening the achievement of the conversing cropland to forestland. The mechanism of economic compensation and implementation for the conversion of cropland to forestland in the Western China were discussed and the countermeasures for establishing and consummating the mechanism were also summarized.

With the aid of the GIS tool ARC/INFO, based on the Hainan vegetation map at the scale of 1∶500 000, the characteristics of the patch size and shape in Hainan vegetation landscape were analyzed. Several basic descriptive statistics including number of patches, average patch size, standard deviation, total patch size, minimum patch size, maximum patch size, range, skewness, kurtosis, medium, mode and etc., were chosen to describe the size features of patches. And some kinds of probability distribution including normal, Gamma, lognormal, Weibull, and exponential, were chosen to characterize the patch size distributions for all patch types in Hainan. In Hainan island, there were 36 lower level patch types in total, and they belong to 7 higher level patch types, namely tropical needle forests, broadleaves forests, shrub, brushwood, cropland, man made forests, water vegetation, which contained 6, 85, 112, 67, 101, 95 and 3 lower level patch types respectively. Most of the patches were positive skewed, and comparatively, the lognornal distribution could be used to characterize the patch size distribution in Hainan. At the same time, the patch complexity was examined for all kinds of vegetation types in Hainan. According to the two methods proposed by Krummel et al . (1987) and Li (1992), Klinkengerg (1994), the fractal dimension could be calculated effectually. For those low level vegetation types with more patches, the fractal dimension D₂ has a positive relationship with the average patch size, a negative relationship with the standard deviation, maximum patch size, range, skewness for each patch type. Among the 7 high level patch types, the fractal dimension of tropical needle forests was the highest, next were broadleaves forests, brushland, shrub and man made forests, and the fractal dimension of cropland was very low. Although there were not significant differences in fractal dimension between shrub and broadleaves forests, and between shrub and man made forests, significant or very significant differences existed between every two of the other patch types. Moreover, the domains of scales were identified. Patches with larger than 7.4km² had more complex shape than those with smaller than 7.4km².

Forest is one of the most complicate terrestrial ecosystems in the world and plays an important role in sustaining the global life system. Forest services include water conservation, prevention of soil erosion, climate regulation, environmental purification, biodiversity conservation and recreation. Based on the characteristics and connotation of forest ecosystem services, the physical and value assessment methods, including market value method, shallow engineer method, production cost method and opportunity cost method, were used to evaluate the forest ecosystem services in Wulingyuan Natural Reserve. The results showed that the total annual services value of forest ecosystem in Wulingyuan Natural Reserve were up to 2.05×10⁹ Yuan (RMB), of which 1.22×10⁸ Yuan for water conservation, 6.54×10⁷ Yuan for CO₂ absorption,7. 16×10⁷ Yuan for O₂ release, 3.22×10⁷ Yuan for soil fertility conservation, 8.98×10 Yuan for environmental purification and 1. 67×10⁹ Yuan for forest recreation in 2002.

Characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen of Stipa bungeana community, Artemisia ordosica community, Cynanchum komarovii community and weeds community Erdos, Inner Mongolia were studied. There were no significant seasonal differences of organic carbon content in 0～10, 10～30 and 30～60cm soil depths of all plant communities. The seasonal differences of total nitrogen in 0～10 and 10～30cm soil depths of all communities were significant, the content in May was higher than that in Jul. and Sept. and the difference between Jul. and Sept. was not obvious. Seasonal differences of nitrate nitrogen content in 0～10cm soil depths of communities were significant, and the content in May was higher than that in Jul. and Sept. Seasonal differences of ammonium nitrogen content of all soil layers were significant in all communities, and the content in May was higher than that in Jul., then higher than that in Sept. The vertical distribution of organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in different soil depths of all communities were similar in different seasons. That was decreased with the soil depths. However, there were no vertical distribution trends of the nitrate and ammonium nitrogen contents in all four community soils in different seasons, only the nitrate nitrogen content in 0～10cm soil was higher than that in other soil layers in May. Although some of the differences of organic carbon contents in all soil layers in different seasons among plant communities were significant, most of the differences of total nitrogen contents in 0～10cm soil among communities were significant, and the differences of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen contents in all soil layers in May and Jul. among the communities were more significant, there were no obvious trends about these differences among them.

Tianmu Mountain is located in Zhejiang Province,has a varied topography with numerous gorges.The light trace of the glacier erosion during the Quaternary Period had been found in the foot of the mountains.The protophyte vegetation was conserved intactly,and there existed a lot of old Ginkgo biloba trees. G.biloba is referred as a “living fossil” and native to China.The question of whether or not G.biloba still exists in the wild has been debated by botanists,without resolution,for almost a hundred years.Most of the controversy has focused on a population of trees grown in Tianmu Mountain,Zhejiang Province.The habitat of the Ginkgo population in Tianmu Mountain as well as the characters of its growth and reproduction,were described in this paper.Based on the combined results of the analysis of genetic structure and community investigation and extensive ，Ginkgophytes fossil records in Zhejiang Province,the Gingkgo population in Tianmu Mountain might be one of the natural populations in China.The research also provided evidence for G.biloba listing as first-class conservation by the Chinese Government.

Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)was used to analyze three species: Schima superba,Castanopsis chinensis,Cryptocarya chinensis located across three different communities:coniferous community,mixed coniferous and broad-leaf community,evergreen broad-leaved community in Dinghu Mountain(112°31′39″E,23°09′21″N),China.These three communities represent three successional stages.Samples of Schima superba and Castanopsis chinensis were collected in these three communities,while samples of Cryptocarya chinensis were collected in later two communities.Individuals of each species belonging to the same community were considered as subpopulation.Four AFLP primer combinations(EcoR1,EcoR2,Mse1,Mse2)were used in total 48 individuals of Schima superba amplified 24,27,40 and 27 reliable bands,of which 15,23,23 and 16 were polymorphic respectively.The mean population genetic diversities of three subpopulations of Schima superba were 0.353,0.336 and 0.304.Similarly,total 48 individuals of Castanopsis chinensis amplified 27,20,33 and 39 reliable bands,of which 15,15,18 and 26 were polymorphic respectively.The mean population genetic diversities of three subpopulations of Castanopsis chinensis were 0.197,0.297 and 0.311.Total 40 individuals of Cryptocarya chinensis amplified 23,30,42 and 31 reliable bands,of which 12,19,37 and 18 were polymorphic respectively.The mean genetic diversities of two subpopulations of Cryptocarya chinensis were 0.285 and 0.295.These results were caused by both species biological characteristics and microenvironments of different communities.

Effects of water plus heat stress on gas exchange and carbon isotope composition of Cunninghamia lanceolata,Pinus massoniana,Pseudotsuga menziesii and Thuja plicata seedlings were measured during a three-cycle stress period in spring 2001 at the University of British Columbia. The results were shown as follows:After 36 days water stress treatments, the net photosynthetic rate of four species decreased significantly. But heat stress only affected the net photosynthetic rate of C.lanceolata and T.plicata. It was only observed that the needle conductance to water vapor of P.massoniana was significantly affected by both water and heat stress. The needle conductance to water vapor of other species had just a slight change after water and heat stress treatment. Therefore, instantaneous water use efficiency, which was expressed as the ratio of net photosynthetic rate(P_n, μmol·m^-2s^-1) to stomatal conductance to water vapor (g_wv , mmol·m^-2s^-1), had no significant difference except for P.massoniana. There were significant differences in carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) among four species under water stress treatments. Along with prolong of water stress, the δ¹³ C value of all four species increased. This meant that the water use efficiency (WUE) would be improved under water stress. Heat stress treatment had also significant effects on δ¹³ C of C.lanceolata and T.plicata. But the differences of δ¹³ C were not observed under heat stress in P.massoniana and P.menziesii.

This paper reported the changes of moisture contents, vigour index, enzymes activities, contents and components of soluble sugars, protein contents and SDS-PAGE protein bands before and after maturation of Castanea mollissima seeds. The desiccation sensitivity of the seeds was relatively low at picking time. The α-amylase and isocitratelyase existed at 75 days after anthesis and their activities increased rapidly after seed abscission(90 days after anthesis). The contents of raffinose and stachyose in cotyledons and embryonic axes reached maximum at 90 days after anthesis. The level of soluble proteins in cotyledons was lower than that in embryonic axes and the level of heat-stable proteins was much higher in cotyledons than that in embryonic axes. The ratio of heat-stable proteins to soluble proteins reached maximum at 90 days after anthesis in embryonic axes. SDS-PAGE showed that the kinds of soluble proteins in cotyledons and embryonic axes were different. The main heat-stable polypeptides of low molecular weight were 20,17, 12kD in cotyledons, and were 20, 12kD in embryonic axes at 75～90 days after anthesis,but only 12kD at 105 days after anthesis.

The contents of GA₁₊₃ and ABA in male flower buds of Ginkgo biloba decreased at the physiological differentiation stage, meanwhile the contents of ZRs and iPAs, the ratio of ZRs to GA₁₊₃ ,the ratio of iPAs to GA₁₊₃ ,the ratio of ZRs to ABA,and the ratio of iPAs to ABA were higher than those in leaf buds and reached a peak. At morphological differentiation stage, the contents of ZRs and iPAs, the ratio of ZRs to GA₁₊₃ , the ratio of iPAs to GA₁₊₃ ,the ratio of ZRs to ABA,and the ratio of iPAs to ABA were low, but ABA content and the ratio of ABA to GA₁₊₃ were higher than those in leaf buds. The contents of K and total carbohydrate in leaves of male spurs were higher than those in leaves of shoots during the whole period, on the contrary, the content of N was lower than that of leaves of shoots. The content of P in leaves of spurs was higher than that in leaves of shoots at physiological differentiation stage.

Based on 810 molecular markers(784 AFLP markers and 26 SSR markers),obtained from the 87 individuals of F₂ population from Populus deltoides×P. cathayana , a hybrid molecular linkage map was constructed. In this map, 356 AFLP makers and 12 SSR markers, 368 makers in total, were distributed in the 19 major groups. This map covered 3 382.4 centiMorgan (cM) of the genome in length, and the average distance between two markers was 9.69cM. With the LOD≥2.0 and scan scale=2.0cM, total 8 QTLs for wood properties were obtained by using interval mapping (IM) in this map. The phenotypic variation contributions (PVCs) of 3 QTLs for wood basic density were 27.1%,27.1% and 25.5%,respectively; PVC of 1 QTL for microfibre angle was 18.6%;PVC of 1 QTL for fibre length was 48.9%; and PVCs of 3 QTLs for fibre width were 17.4%,27.4% and 48.3%. Gene actions of all QTLs were overdominance. The two original parents made different contributions to the QTLs of their hybrid progeny. The P. deltoides parent contributed 2 QTLs, which associated with wood basic density, and P. cathayana contributed 6 QTLs to their hybrid progeny.

The growth and photosynthesis of I-214 poplar trees (Populus×euramericana cv. 'I-214 ') in the plantations with subterranean drip irrigation(SDI) and normal irrigation(NI) on sandy soil in Beijing were studied in this paper. The results showed that: the growth and yields of the plantations were more increased on SDI than on NI. In 2000 (4 years after planting), the average D_1.3 , H and volume per tree were 21.18cm, 14.23m and 0. 1815m³ on SDI,54.5%、36.9% and 247.6% more than on NI; The yields of the plantations with SDI reached 22.78～25.81m³·hm^-2 a ^-1 which were 3.9～4.6 times as much as that with NI. The physiological mechanism of improving the growth of trees and increasing the productivity of forest land was the subterranean drip irrigation,by which the photosynthesis and water use efficiency of trees grown in the plantation would be promoted. The net photosynthetic rate of leaves for poplar trees irrigated with SDI was still significant higher than that with NI in the different time of a day, ranged from 10.0%～21.4%. During an irrigation cycle, the net photosynthetic rate of leaves with SDI was also significant higher than that with NI, ranged from 9.0%～9.9%. Water use efficiency of trees with SDI was also higher than that with NI. The correlativity study showed that the net photosynthetic rate of poplar trees leaves could contain a high level for a long time when the water content of subsurface soil (15～25cm) was 5%～8%; but it would be decreased when the water content was lower than 4%. At last, extending the subterranean drip irrigation in developing the fast-growing and high-yield plantations in arid, semi-arid area, and season arid area was suggested according to the local economic condition. It could not only accelerate the sustainable usage of water resources, but also could increase the plantation productivity and make it reach the high level of the world.

The sustainable development of Heilongjiang forest industrial region of the national commercial forest base was analyzed in this paper. It was very important for this area that the coordination between the region's population, resources and environment, the benefit of short and long term,the requirement between the nation and the regional, and the unifying of economic and social benefit. According to this principle, the criteria system and measurement method of the sustainable development of forest industrial region were put forward. The criteria system was made of three layers: target, category criteria and criteria. The sustainable development of forest industrial region was target, the sustainable development of forest ecological benefit, sustainable development of forest economic benefit and sustainable development of forest social benefit were category criteria, the selection cutting forest area rate, tertiary industry value rate and wages safety case, etc. 27 variables were in the criteria layer. According to above criteria system, the mark value of the criterion was made sure firstly and the realization ratio of the criterion was obtained. Then on the basis of the realization ratio of the criteria, the realization ratio of the category criteria was obtained by normalization, and again doing the weighted calculation got the realization ratio of the target layer. On these grounds, situation of the forest industrial region can be evaluated respectively and synthetically. Take the data of the fifth forest resources check and the data of the statistics with the criteria system as examples, the target layer realization ratio was 0.5603, that means the forest industrial region was in the state of weak sustainable development. At the category criteria layer, the forest ecological benefit realization ratio was 0.5390, 16.17 percent of the target layer. The forest economic benefit realization ratio was 0.4969, 19.88 percent. The forest social benefit realization ratio was 0.4859, 14.58 percent.

In this study, The models of stand age, stand mean diameter at breast height and stand volume are integrated by using the method of two-stage error-in-variable and the ordinary method separately with the soft of ForStat. The result indicates that the estimation of stand volume obtained by ordinary method has bias while the estimation of two-stage error-in-variable is obviously more accurate and has no bias. It is proved that the method of the two-stage error-in-variable and the soft of ForStat are useful method of integrating models.

Quantitative study on time budget and activity rhythm of Saunders's Gull was conducted during different breeding cycle at Yancheng of Jiangsu from 1999 to 2002. Different daily activities during the early breeding cycle showed a clear rhythm, which included foraging accounting for 39.36% of the whole time budget from daily a.m.7:00 to p.m.17:00, maintenance (37.95%), locomotion (9.48%), alert (8.30%), and drinking (5.03%). However, the different daily activities during the late breeding cycle did not show a clear rhythm, which included foraging (42.53%), maintenance (14.21%), locomotion (17.65%), alert (14. 52%) and drinking (10.93%). Time budget of locomotion and alert during the late breeding cycle was significantly longer than during the early breeding cycle; however, time budget of maintenance was significantly shorter. Difference of daily activities rhythm between the early and late breeding cycle was mainly aroused by the change of foraging sites and brooding behavior. Incubation time budget ratio of female to male was 1.24. Daily incubation time budget was accordingly prolonged with the increase of incubation date, and one daily longest incubation time could reach 201 minute.

The effects of transgenic poplars to the structure of insect community was studied by the comparition of stands of transgenic and non-transgenic poplars.The study revealed that there was no much difference of insect and spider community between transgenic and non_transgenic poplar trees in an area of 1hm² while in 6.7hm² obvious difference of that was observed. Through the comparison of insect and spider community structures between pure transgenic poplar stand and 1∶1 mixed stand of transgenic and non_transgenic poplars, it was clear that Bt transgenic poplar could influence the insect community structure. In pure transgenic poplar stand, dominant species was Poplar Sawfly (Pristiphora benjingensis) while in mixed poplar stand was Poplar Prominent (Clostera anachoreta). To reduce the risky of being damaged by other non_lepidoptera defoliators resistant species to this kind of pest species should be used when Bt gene is transferred. The diversity and uniformity of pure transgenic poplar stand were higher than that of mixed transgenic poplars stand which leads to higher stability. However the density of Lady Beetles was 10 times higher in mixed transgenic poplar stand than that in pure transgenic poplar stand, averagely 0.21 per twig and 0.021 per twig respectively while the density of spiders in pure transgenic poplar stand was higher than that in mixed transgenic poplar stand, averagely 0.125 per twig and 0.0625 per twig respectively. Further study was needed in the effect of transgenic poplars to the non_target insects and natural enemies. The damage rate of pure transgenic poplar stand and mixed transgenic poplar stand were 11.26% and 18.48% respectively, the former was better but no significant difference.

Hyphantria cunea were effectively controlled by using Chouioia cunea as a major biological control agent. In parasitic wasp successively released areas where 4 consecutive generations of H. cunea were studied, the damage caused by Fall Webworm decreased but in control areas the damage had no change. The parasitism rates in pupae of Fall Webworm caused by C. cunea reached to 50%～70% after 2 years of Control effort. Because of no pesticide used in these areas, Where almost all the natural enemies were protected, overall parasitism rates of all parasitic insects in pupae of Fall Webworm reached to 83.26%～ 95.82%. The results obtained by calculating the relational grade among parasitism rates of different insect natural enemies showed that C. cunea released by man was the major factor in biological control of the Fall Webworm and had little influence on other insect natural enemies. The damage caused by Fall Webworm was effectively reduced by all of natural enemies acting together.

Incidence of the disease and the rate of pathogen carried and substances including phenolic compounds, soluble sugar, and starch in fruits of Chinese Chestnut were tested regularly during the development of chestnut fruits and post harvest storage period. The variation of viability and the related physiological index of seeds in the process of water loss, and the effects of those variation on the activity of pathogens inside the seeds were also tested. The content of phenolic compound in involucre, style, pericarp and seedcoat of chestnut fruit reached 1 mg·g ^-1 of fresh weight, exceeded the concentration of 0 5 mg·g ^-1 , which was proved to be the concentration for markedly inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogens in vitro. Pathogens were isolated from the tissue of involucre, style, pericarp and seedcoat but no symptoms appeared. This indicated that high contents of phenolic compounds in chestnut fruit contributed to the latent infection of the pathogens of Chinese Chestnut seed rot. On maturation of chestnut seeds, the content of phenolic compounds in pericarp decreased sharply and reduced the inhibiting effects to the pathogens inside. As the water content of seeds decreased the seed germination index declined, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased steadily, and the relative conductivity of soaking solution, in which the Chinese Chestnut seeds soaked, were increased markedly. When the rate of water loss exceeded ten percent, the germination rate of seeds started to decline, and the activities of free-radical scavenging enzymes (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) decreased markedly,and the seed rot was induced. The fact that the critical moisture content for pathogenesis was close to the moisture content, when the germination rate of seeds started to decline, indicated that the water loss in seed reduced the resistance of seed. Accompanied by starch hydrolysis and the quantity of soluble sugar increasing, the pathogens relieved from latent infection and caused the seed rot.

One endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EG-1) was purified to electrophoretical homogeneity from the gut extract of Apriona germari larvae by acetone precipitating, gel filtrating, ion exchange chromatography and preparative PAGE, and its enzymatic properties were investigated. The enzyme component showed high activity on sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The molecular weight of EG-1 was 26ku and the isoelectric point (pI) was about 4.0 It had an optimal temperature of 45℃ and optimal pH of 5.2 The enzyme activity was stable at 37℃ for at least 2h, but decreased rapidly when kept at 50℃ and almost no activity was left after incubated at 70℃ for 2h. All these showed that EG-1component was suit for the insect intestinal environment, and should be a endogenous enzyme.

The diversity was an important descriptor of community diversity and ecologists had proposed numerous indexes. The previous indexes that assumed all species were equal and came from the same tropic level were criticized. According to the definition of Shannon-Wiener, a new index was developed for measuring community diversity. The diversity index of biomass was sensitive to the population dynamics in arthropod pests and natural enemy' community. The diversity index gave a more faithful representation of the arthropod community characteristics in the jujube yard ecosystems.It was the better index for measuring community diversity because incorporating other difference among species as a component strengthened the functional aspect of species diversity measurement.

The detailed experimental procedure of using nanoindentation technique to determine the longitudinal elastic modulus and nano hardness of tracheids secondary wall was emphasized, base on which the longitudinal mechanical properties of Chinese Fir tracheids were measured. It was indicated both hardness and elastic modulus of latewood secondary wall were higher than earlywood cell wall. The longitudinal elastic modulus and hardness of latewood tracheids S₂ layer were 14.844Gpa and 0.390Gpa respectively, while and earlywood cell wall S₂ layer had a corresponding value of 9.823 and 0.306Gpa.

Some approaches of quantitative anatomy, micrological image analysis and X-ray microdensitometry were used to explore the anatomical properties of cambial cells and different xylem cells at different phases in this paper, and the histological relationships between cambial cells and xylem cells were discussed. The dynamic changes were determined in the anatomical properties of cambial cells and xylem cells during cambial active phase. No significant differences in tangential and radial width of cambial fusiform cell, length of vessel element, ratio of fiber and ray tissue were found among different stages. However, there existed significant differences in fiber length and width, ratio of fiber wall to lumen, microfibril angle, cell wall percentage, ratio of vessel tissue and distributing frequency of vessel. The radial variation of wood density within annual ring had a close relationship to that of the productivity and anatomical properties of xylem cells at different stages. Correlation analysis indicated that cambial cell number had strong negative correlations with fiber length, ratio of fiber length to width and ratio of fiber wall to lumen, and a positive correlation with fiber width. Meanwhile, the radial width of cambial fusiform cell had negative correlations with fiber length, ratio of fiber length to width and ratio of ray tissue, and a positive correlation existed between tangential width of cambial fusiform cell and fiber width. In conclusion, the histological correlations between cambial fusiform cell and wood fiber were stronger than cambial fusiform cell and vessel element.

Wood is elastic and viscous material from the mechanics point of view and the structure is full of aperture.These characters endow wood the ability of simple bending. To obtain small bending semi diameter the plastic of wood will be increased with strengthening the theory of softening. Then study the theory of longitudinal compressing and the technique of compressing. Cellular wall arises longitudinal crease when microsoft fibre slides with the effect of compressive stress. Smaller bending radius will be gained with limited transmutation when the compressing surface is formed to drape and drawing face is on the contrary with the action of bending moment. The result indicates that the specimens with the size of 280 mm×16.5 mm×16.6 mm dealt with water heat softening get the minimum radius 42.5 mm and average radius 56.94 mm with 24% compressing ratio and minimum rebound length 261.74 mm.

Burning behaviour of three wood species (two softwoods and one hardwood) was tested by cone calorimeter in the study. Two kinds of thickness (10 mm and 20 mm) and two types of heated surface [cross section (R×T) and longitudinal section (L×R or L×T)] were chosen, and three levels of irradiance (30kW·m^-2 ,40 kW·m^-2 and 50 kW·m^-2 ) were used. The results showed that there were two heat release rate peaks of the specimens from beginning to end of the irradiation. The mass loss was closely related to the heat release because they indicated the same changing curves. There were two stronger process of smoke, one was before the igniting and another one was after the charring finished. The weakest smoke appears in the charring and flameless combustion stage. Meanwhile, the effects of specimen thickness, heated surface and irradiance level on the ignition time, heat release rate, mass loss rate and extinction coefficient were investigated. The ignition time was decreased and the heat release rates, mass loss rates and extinction coefficient were increased with the increase of the irradiance levels. When the cross section was used as a heated surface, the ignition time was longer and the heat release or mass loss was faster than the longitudinal section. The effect of thickness on the ignition time and the total heat release of 180 s(the period starting at ignition time and ending 180s later) were not significant. With the increase of the thickness, the heat release rate peak at 2^nd was delayed and the average mass loss rate was decreased.

The chemical groups and bonds characterization of lignins obtained from juvenile and mature of Chinese Fir were studied by elemental analysis, FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that the average per-C₉-unit formulae of the juvenile and mature of Chinese Fir lignins obtained by acetosolv delignification were C₉H_8.73O_2.57(OCH₃)_0.84 and C₉H_9.01O_2.24(OCH₃)_0.09 respectively. The FTIR and ¹H NMR spectra showed the aromatic skeletal of juvenile of Chinese Fir lignin mainly consisted by G rings and the aromatic skeletal of mature of Chinese Fir lignin had some type S ring structures except G rings and had more aromatic skeletal than that in juvenile wood. There were four types bonds in Chinese Fir lignin. They were β-O-4,β-5,β-β and β-1 In the mature wood, the bonds had a higher content than those in the juvenile wood.

The paper studied the results of benzyl isocyanate with n-propanol, water and cellulose with different moisture content (MC) by FTIR, in which the IR bands were identified. The reaction product of isocyanate and cellulose carbamate. With MC of cellulose increasing, the reaction of isocyanate and cellulose decreases while the reaction of isocyanate with water increases. When the MC of cellulose is 9.78%, most of isocyanate reacts with water absolutely and forms dibenzylurea.

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to determine the surface properties of untreated/treated wood in this paper. The spectra of ESR showed that a great deal of free radicals on (Alnus nepalensis ) surface could be generated by MWP treatment; XPS spectra showed that: microwave plasma treatment increased the O/C atomic ratio of the wood surface, decreased C₁, increased C₂ and C₃, and generated C₄ These results suggesting that a great deal of oxygen content groups or peroxides were generated on wood surface after MWP treatment.

Soil enzyme is the enzymes mainly from the plant exudation and excreted by microorganisms and released from plant and animal relict decomposition. Soil enzyme system plays a key role in the soil biochemical process and is closely related to the cycle of mass such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur etc. and energy fluxes in forest ecosystem. Presently, soil enzymology has become an essential tool by which monitor soil enzyme activities almost all studies on forest ecosystems. Soil enzymology focus mainly on the enzymatic activity dynamics in litter decomposition process, relationships between soil enzymes and vegetation features and soil biological community dynamics, variations of soil enzymes in the ecological interface between plant and soil, soil enzymatic activity used as bioindicators of forest soil quality, and effects of anthropic activity on forest soil enzyme activity. In view of the function and ecological significance of soil enzyme, it can be expected that research in the field of soil enzymology in twenty-first century will include as follows: (1) investigating soil enzyme system differentiation in the forest ecosystems; (2) determining soil enzyme activity used as the integrative evaluation index of forest soil quality; (3) exploring the interactive effects of vegetation dynamics and soil enzymes; (4) measuring the activities of soil enzymes in degraded forest ecosystem; (5) monitoring the activities of soil enzymes used as soil quality indicators of manmade forests; (6) studying the effects of anthropic activity on forest soil enzyme system. It is suggested that the interaction between the soil enzymes and forest ecosystem should be studied on the basis of the aspects of soil enzyme system differentiation, which will be helpful to understand the plant litter decomposition, the mass cycle, function and ecological significance of the soil enzyme and energy flux in forest ecosystem, and to explore the degraded mechanism of forest ecosystems and its responses on eco-environment disturbance.

Interspecific competition between Chinese Fir and its 12 main mixed species in different resource space(physical and chemical nutrient of soil)was studied. The results showed that the stage of interspecific competition between Chinese Fir and its mixed species was different according to different species in the same resource space. In different resource space, the stage of interspecific competition between Chinese Fir and a certain species was different.It suggested that the mixed ratio between Chinese Fir and its mixed species should be different according to different groups of site type and species.

The influence of NaCl and Na₂SO₄ on the germination rate and cotyledon outspread rate of Populus euphratica and P. pruinosa seeds from different seed sources was studied in this paper. The results showed that the seed relative germination rate and cotyledon outspread rate were negatively correlated with salt concentration significantly. The order of salt tolerance of P. euphratica seeds and P. pruinosa seeds from different seed sources was given respectively.In the same concentration,to the germination and cotyledon outspread rate of P. euphratica from different seed sources,NaCl was more influential thanNa₂SO₄.In 0～0.4% concentration,to the relative seed germination rate and cotyledon outspread rate of P. pruinosa from different seed sources,NaCl was less influential than Na₂SO₄,and in 0.4%～1.5%, NaCl was more influential than Na₂SO₄. Compared with P. pruinosa, the salt tolerance of P. euphratica in seed germination period was better.

The ICT-2000TE meteorological measurement system was used to determine the transpiration rate of Cinnamomum camphora and the variation of main ecological factors around canopy layer.The results indicated that under full light condition in sunny days, a single peak curve was found in the daily variation of radiation and temperature around canopy layer. The radiation started to increase at 6:00 am and reached the peak of 150～800 μmol·m^-2 s^-1 at 12:00 , then declined to 0 at 18:00—0:00pm. The summer had the high variation and long time of radiation. Temperature reached the peak at 15:00—17:00. However, the daily change of humidity showed a reverse tendency in comparison with that of radiation and temperature. The humidity began to decrease at 6:00 and slumped to the lowest at 15:00 and then increased. The daily change of transpiration rate of C. camphora was found in the form of single peak curve and the highest value occurred at 14:00. The highest transpiration rate of 0.503 1 L·kg^-1 DW h^-1 appeared in the flourishing period of leaf, the intermediate of 0.2054L·kg^-1 DW h^-1 appeared in the senescent period, and the lowest of 0.165 1L·kg^-1 DW h^-1 appeared in the defoliating period. The rank of transpiration rate under different weather condition was in the order of sunny day > changeable day > rainy day. Annually, the lowest transpiration rate of 0.0436L·kg^-1 DW h^-1 occurred in March and the zenith of 0.1793L·kg^-1 DW h^-1 appeared in June. Radiation and temperature had great influence on the transpiration rate of C. camphora.

With the aid of TDM (thermal dissipation method) with ICT-2000TE (Transpiration Environment), the results obtained were as follows: (1) The sap flow rate of Quercus liaotungensis varied differently in sunny days, cloudy days and rainy days, with their maximum value of 12.61cm·h ^-1 , 8.71 cm·h ^-1 and 3.22 cm·h ^-1 ,respectively. The intermittent sap flow at night was commonly lower than 1cm·h ^-1 , which testified the existence of root pressure of Q. liaotungensis . (2) In the growth season of July and August, the sample wood of Q. liaotungensis had the average sap flow flux of 60 25cm ³·cm ^-2 d ^-1 and total evaporations of 1346.7 L. (3) The sap flow rate was frequently affected by microclimatic factors. During sunny days and cloudy days, it was mainly affected by the solar radiation, air relative humidity and air temperature. While during rainy days, it was mainly affected by the soil water content and air relative humidity.

Several arboreal mangrove species were introduced from, Hainan Island, Zhanjiang of Guangdong Province, Australia and etc. to Shenzhen Bay. With good adaptability and cold_resistance during seedling stage, Sonneratia apetala could develop and blossom well in Shenzhen Bay. S.caseolaris had comparatively weak cold-resistance, but in warm habitat it could pass the winter smoothly. At the age of seven, S.caseolaris blossomed and the mean tree height and basal diameter reached 9.9m and 22cm respectively. The cold resistance was enhanced significantly with years. Bruguiera sexangula grew and developed well because of a cold resistance with of an increasingly strong to medium at the seedling stage. The mean height of 7-year-old trees was 2.8 m. Its propagules(plumular axis) would exist for about 3-6 days at about5℃, but injured for too long time. B.stylosa could pass the winter smoothly in specific warm habitat, the cold resistance increased with age increasing, and the trees could blossom. Avicennia marina var. australasica had a relatively strong cold resistance during seedling stage. But seedlings tended at the forward mudflat would die for duck gnawing. Some seedlings planted in the higher area of mudflat could grow very well and blossom partly. Neither R.apiculata nor Nypa fruticans acclimated in Shenzhen Bay (which with high latitude and low temperature). B.parviflora introduced from Australia was required to observe further.

The model of interspecific association index was constructed in this paper. It is proved that the classical interspecific association statistic is the special case of this model. The derivation of this paper got the unification between interspecific association measurement and its statistic, and between its qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The essence of interspecific association index was opened out and the enactment of interspecific association index was developed. Four part specific association indices were constructed on this base, all of the specific association indices were computed respectively to the different radius of sample circle by the permanent sample plot data in Moarshan National Forest Park, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China. The fourth index was less affected by the size of sample circle, was steady and widely practical.

Tsuga lorgibracteata is one of the rare gymnosperms and endemic to China. With the changes in environment and ecosystems, the total number of individuals has decreased rapidly and it is considered an endangered plant on the brink of extinction. This paper dealt with the growth dynamics of dominance of rare and endangered Tsuga lorgibracteata population based on the growth models, which were four limited space growth models for population. Compared with the fitting results of four models, the best growth model was selected to express the growth dynamics of dominance for Tsuga lorgibracteata population, which was s=exp(-0.046 804ln²(1+108.386 5 e^{-0.594 42}t)-0.87371 ln(1+108.3865 e^-0.59442t)+3.655 44). Then the environmental capacity of dominance of \%Tsuga lorgibracteata\% population was calculated. It was 38.6847m²·hm^-2. And the simulated result of dominance showed that when the diameter at breast height was about 40cm, the population growth of dominance would be highest, which would provide a theoretical basis for the protection and management of Tsuga lorgibracteata.

Effects of total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides (KSH) on growth of height and trunk diameter of one year old poplar trees (I-69)were studied by trunk injecting 6mL\5kg ^-1 of the testing tree weight. The net growth of trunk diameter at ground level of the treated trees, which were injected with KSH at 2×10^-2 , 17×10^-2 ,5.8×10^-3 mol\5L ^-1 , increased significanly and statistically in comparison with that of the control, and there was close positive correlation between the KSH concentration and the net growth of the trunk diameter. Growth of the tree height only shown in the concentration of 5.8×10^-3 mol·5L^-1 , which was significantly and statistically increased in comparison with that of the control. The net growth of the tree height was inhibited in the groups at 1.1×10^-5 , 5.5×10^-5 , 2.8×10^-4 mol·5L^-1 of NNA, whereas the net growth of trunk diameter at ground level of the treated trees treated with NNA shown significantly increase only at the lowest concentration of 11×l0^-5 mol·5L^-1 .The net growth of the tree height and the net growth of trunk diameter were promoted and inhibited respectively at the concentration of 2.9×10^-3mol·5L^-1 of GA. The results of the experiments with three years poplar trees indicted that injecting KSH of 5.8×10^-2mol·5L^-1 could significantly stimulate the net growth of trunk diameter at ground level of the treated trees during the testing period. The results of measuring the wood grown in the experiment period shown that there was no significant difference between the basic density of the treated wood and that of the control. It indicated that treatment of KSH could not only accelerate tree growth, increase significanfiy wood volume, but also there was no significant decrease in weight of dry materials.