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Impact of Exogenous Incentives and Value Recognition on Farmers' Willingness of Continuous Participation in Forest Carbon Sequestration Project

Aiqin Zhu,Lei Gu,Weiqiang Zhu,Yiyong Feng,Wei Chen,Guomo Zhou

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2021, 57 (8): 176-188. DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210818

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Objective: Forest carbon sequestration and emission reduction is an important part of national carbon trading. As the executors and stakeholder of the forest carbon sequestration project, identifying the endogenous and exogenous factors of farmers' continuous participation in the forest carbon sequestration project is of great significance for the stable promotion of the project and the mitigation of global climate change. Method: Based on the theory of endogenous and exogenous incentives, explore the internal and exogenous factors that influence farmers' continuous participation in forest carbon sequestration projects. This article constructs four dimensions of exogenous incentives of "policy concern", "project subsidy", "model effect" and "carbon sequestration-increasing training", and the three dimensions of "forest land value maximization", "carbon sequestration industry recognition" and "mitigation of climate change" of value recognition. Based on 417 sets of field survey data of farmers who have participated in the first phase of carbon sequestration project of bamboo forest in Suichang and Jingning counties of Zhejiang Province that implemented the Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER). The relationship among exogenous incentives, value recognition and farmers' willingness of continuous participation is analyzed by statistical description. Binary probit model and mediating effect model were used to analyze the direction and extent of the impact of exogenous incentive and value recognition on farmers' willingness to participate in forest carbon sequestration projects and the mediating role of value recognition. Result: The results of cross analysis showed that: the proportion of exogenous incentives and value recognition factors to promote farmers' willingness to participate in the sustainable development was more than 98%. The Chi square test at a significant level of 5% indicated that different exogenous incentive factors and value recognition factors had a significant impact on farmers' continuous participation in forest carbon sequestration projects. The empirical analysis showed that: 1) In exogenous incentives, "policy concern" had positive impacts on farmers' continuous participation at a significance level of 10%, "project subsidies", "role models" and "the carbon sequestration-increasing training" had positive impacts at a significance level of 5%. 2) The "mitigation of climate change" in value recognition had a positive impact on farmers' continuous participation at a significance level of 5%; while "maximum value of forest land" and "recognition of carbon sequestration industry" had no significant impact on farmers' continuous participation. 3) Exogenous incentives had a significant positive impact on value recognition. And value recognition had a significant partial (25.99%) role of mediating between exogenous incentives and farmers' continuous participation in forest carbon sequestration projects. Conclusion: Farmers' continuous participation in forest carbon sequestration projects is the result of joint impact by exogenous incentives and endogenous value recognition. "Policy concern", "project subsidy", "model effect"and"carbon sequestration-increasing training" in the exogenous incentives and "mitigation of climate change"in the value recognition are important factors affecting farmers' continuous participation. Exogenous incentives have a significant positive effect on value recognition, and value recognition has a significant role in partially mediating between exogenous incentives and farmers' continuous participation in carbon sequestration projects.

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Evolutionary Logic and Practical Enlightenment of the Development of Forest Parks in China in the Past 40 Years

Na Wang,Xinfeng Chen,Yongde Zhong

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2022, 58 (1): 138-150. DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20220115

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Objective: This study presents an analysis of history, paths and driving forces of the development of forest parks in China in the past 40 years and a summary of practical implications in order to provide historical evidences and a theoretical basis for the development of forest parks. Method: In combination of literature analysis, history study and comprehensive analysis, the development of forest parks was integrated into the macro context of China's social economic development, the development stages of forest parks were identified in the context of strategic transition of both national and forestry sectoral development, and evolution of forest parks. Combining quantitative analysis of the changes in the number of forest parks, sources of construction investment, and average wages of employees, the internal logic of the development of forest parks was summarized. Result: 1) In the past 40 years, forest parks in China have gone through four stages: "diversification projects of forestry operation" (1982—1991), "the third industry of forestry"(1992—1997), "multi-dimensional development of green forestry industry" (1998—2010), and "protected natural areas and social public services" (2011—present). 2) The evolutionary path of forest parks in China in the past 40 years can be summarized as follows: property change from "tourist destination" to "protected natural areas", function change from "economic industry" to "social public services", value change from "for economic benefits" to "for green" to "for responsibility" and model change from "closed" to "open" to "integration". Conclusion: 1) The main reasons for the evolution of forest parks in China in the past 40 years can be attributed to the revolution for social justice, the vision for ecological sustainability and expectation of "good life". 2) Forest parks in China have the following problems: the management failure caused by lack of government leadership, restrictions by the "two-in-one" management system of state-owned forest farms, the misalignment of the roles of managers and operators, the new changes brought about by "reform of the state-owned forest farms" and "development of protected natural areas system", and the absence of relevant laws. 3) In the future, the management work of forest parks in China will be focused on: harmonization with "development of protected areas system with the mainstay of national parks", gradually establishing a diversified financing system with public financial support as the mainstay, harmonizing the "two in one" management system of state-owned forest farms, promoting the separation of management rights and operation rights, and improving legal system relevant to forest parks.

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Coupling Coordination Degree of Regional Forest Ecological-Nature-Economy-Society Complex System: a Case Study in Changsha

Liu Yiru, Yang Peitao

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2023, 59 (9): 139-146. DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230181

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Objective This study aims to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of regional forest eco-nature-economic-society complex system. Method Based on 28 indexes data of the forest ecology-nature-economy-society complex system in Changsha City from 1980 to 2020, the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree of the regional forest ecology-nature-economy-society complex system were measured and analyzed by using entropy model, coupling degree model and coupling coordination degree model. Result From 1980 to 2020, the coupling degree of forest ecology-natural environment-economy-society complex system showed an "inverted U shape", with an overall upward trend. In Changsha City, the coupling coordination degree between forest ecosystem, natural environment system and social system showed an "S-shaped" increasing trend year by year, and the coupling coordination degree between forest ecosystem and economic system showed an "N-shaped" trend, with first increasing, then decreasing and then increasing again. However, after 2015, the rising trend of the coupling coordination degree of all systems slowed down. Conclusion From 1980 to 2020, the coupling coordination degree of the forest ecosystem-natural environment-economic-social complex system and its subsystems is not high. At present, it is mainly at the moderate coordination stage, basically in the transition period from moderate coupling coordination to high coupling coordination, and there is still a lot of room for improvement. From 1980 to 2020, the coupling coordination degree of forest ecosystem-natural environment-economy-society complex system and forest eco-system with natural environmental system, socio-cultural system and economic system in Changsha City has increased to different degrees, but the rising trend has slowed down. It is suggested that the coupling and coordination degree of regional forest ecosystem should be improved from three aspects: constructing fine natural environment subsystem for regional forest growth, establishing high-quality and sustainable economic development subsystem, and building social subsystem for supporting reasonable and green consumption, to realize the sustainable development of regional forest ecology-nature-economy-society complex system.

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Feasibility of Sap Flow in Early Spring Used for Nutrition Diagnosis of Betula platyphylla Plantation

Jianwen Hu,Qingcheng Wang

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2022, 58 (11): 174-180. DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20221116

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Objective: This study aims to explore the potential of nutrient content in sap flow for nutritional diagnosis of Betula platyphylla plantation, so as to explore a more economical and convenient method for tree nutritional diagnosis. Methods: The 12-year-old B. platyphylla plantation was targeted, a relatively flat site was selected, and a sample plot (30 m×120 m) was set up. Forty sample trees with normal growth and free of diseases and insect pests were randomly selected. Three kinds of materials including tree leaves, topsoil occupied by individual trees and sap flow in early spring were collected before leaves were completely spread. Then the correlation coefficient between the nutrient content of the three kinds of samples and tree growth was analyzed to determine the feasibility of sap flow used for nutrition diagnosis. Results: The element contents in sap flow from high to low were total carbon (TC) (4.03±0.16 g·L^-1), total nitrogen (TN) (60.66 mg·L^-1±4.02 mg·L^-1), total potassium (TK) (34.41 mg·L^-1±2.14 mg·L^-1) and total phosphorus (TP) (5.84 mg·L^-1±0.52 mg·L^-1). There was a significant positive correlation between tree height and TC content in soil, leaves and sap flow (P < 0.05). Stepwise regression analysis showed that TC content in sap flow had the greatest contribution to tree height (R²=0.145). Among the three diagnostic materials, only the contents of TN and TP in sap flow were positively correlated with DBH (P < 0.05). Stepwise regression analysis showed that only the TP content of sap flow had a significant contribution to DBH (R²=0.187). Conclusion: The results of correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis indicate that sap flow can be used for nutrition diagnosis of B. platyphylla, and the analysis shows that the trees with poor growth are limited by C and P. The study provides a feasible method for tree nutrition diagnosis before complete leaf development, which is more reliable than soil and leaf nutrition diagnosis, and the diagnosis time can be advanced.

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