林分结构多样性研究进展

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200916

Abstract

Abstract:

Stand structure is an important factor in forest management and analysis. Enhancing the diversity and complexity of stand structure is the basis for maintaining and increasing the biodiversity of forest ecosystems. The method of expressing diversity of stand structure has been a key issue in the study of ecology and forestry disciplines. This paper summarized the research progress of stand structure diversity from the composition diversity of forest stands,the tree size differentiation diversity and the spatial distribution diversity. The composition structural diversity of forest stands is often based on composition attribute and the α species diversity index in plant community science. The diversity of the stand structure based on the neighbourhood relationship reflects the compositional diversity by describing the degree of segregation of the tree species in the stand. The size differentiation diversity of forest trees was compared with the factors such as DBH,tree height and crown width. The indicators of size coefficient,Gini coefficient,DBH distribution and size differentiation were used to describe the size differentiation diversity of stand. The spatial diversity of forest trees is essentially the diversity of spatial distribution patterns of trees in horizontal space. The point pattern analysis method could be used describe the differences of forest position with the change of scale,but it requires accurate tree position data. The mark second-order structural characteristic can reflect the distribution of tree species and the size with the change of scale in the stand and have certain ability to analyze and explain the ecological process and hypothesis,but they cannot express the richness of the tree species and the degree of tree size variation,it also needs accurate tree position data. The complexity of the stand structure takes precedence over the diversity of the stand structure,and the two concepts are related and different. The diversity of the stand structure is often used as an alternative indicator of the complexity of the stand. In the future,the construction of forest structure diversity or complexity indicators needs to take into account the multidimensional characteristic of the forest structure,at the same time,the weighting of multiple attributes must be considered. In addition,the specific forest management activities should be considered in the process of the construction of the forest structure diversity index,and which could be used to guide the stand structural adjustment and finally achieve the goal of increasing the diversity of stand structure and maintaining and increasing the diversity of the forest ecosystem.

Key words: stand structure, diversity, composition, size differentiation, spatial distribution

CLC Number:

S750

Zhonghua Zhao,Gangying Hui. Advances in Structural Diversity of Stand Structure[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(9): 143-152.

Figures/Tables 4

Table 1

Table 2

Commonly used stand composition diversity indices based on near neighbor relationship"

指数名称Index	计算公式Formula	说明Definition
Pielou分隔指数 Pielou segregation index (Pielou，1961)	$S = 1 - \frac{{N(b + c)}}{{ms + nr}}$	N为样地中林木株数，b、c为不同种相邻木的株数；m、n为作参照树的种A、种B单木数；r、s为作最近相邻木的种A、种B单木数。S越大，林分中树种隔离程度越大N is the total number of trees in plot, b and c is the number of different tree species respectively, m and n is the number of specie A and species B respectively, r and s is the number of nearest neighbor of species A and species B. The larger the value of S, the greater the segregation of the tree species in the stand
简单混交度 Simple mingling (Gadow et al., 1993)	${M_i} = \frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {{v_{ij}}} $	n为相邻木株数，如果第i株林木的第j株相邻木与i为同种，则v_ij=0；否则v_ij=1。M_i越大，由n株相邻木组成的结构单元混交程度越大n is the number of neighbor trees, if i-th tree is the same tree species as j-th neighbor tree, v_ij=0, else, v_ij=1. The larger the value of M_i，the greater the mixed of structural units which consisting of n adjacent woods
林分平均混交度 Stand mean mingling(惠刚盈等，2001)	$\bar M = \frac{1}{N}\sum {{M_i}} $	N为样地中林木株数, M_i为样地内第i株个体的混交度。${\bar M}$越大，林分树种隔离程度越小，树种混交程度越高N is the total number of trees in plot, M_i is the mingling of i-th tree. The larger the value of ${\bar M}$，the smaller the segregation of the tree species, the greater the mixed of stand
树种多样性混交度 Tree species diversity mingling (汤孟平等，2004)	${M_i} = \frac{{{n_i}}}{{{n^2}}}\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {{v_{ij}}} $	n_i为对象木i的n株相邻木中不同树种个数，n为相邻木数目，如果第i株林木的第j株相邻木与i为同种，则v_ij=0；否则v_ij=1。M_i越大，林分混交程度越高，树种多样性越大n_i is the tree species number in n neighbor trees of object tree i, if i-th tree is the same tree species as j-th neighbor tree, v_ij=0, else, v_ij=1. The larger the value of M_i, the greater the mixed of tree species, the higher the diversity of tree species of the stand
林分修正混交度 Modify stand mingling(惠刚盈等，2007)	${\bar M^\prime } = \frac{1}{{5N}}\sum {\left({{M_i}n_i^\prime } \right)} $	N为样地中林木株数, M_i为样地内第i株个体的混交度，n′_i为第i株树所处结构单元中的树种个数。′越大，林分混交程度越高，树种多样性越大N is the total number of trees in plot, M_i is the mingling of i-th tree.n′_i is tree species number in structure unit of i-th tree. The larger the value of M′, the greater the mixed of tree species, the higher the diversity of tree species of the stand
树种空间多样性指数(TSS) Tree species spatial diversity index (Hui et al., 2011)	${\rm{TSS}} = \sum\limits_{{\rm{sp}} = 1}^n {\left[ {\frac{1}{{5N}}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{{N_{{\rm{sp}}}}} {({M_i}{S_i}} } \right]} $	N为样地中林木株数, M_i为样地内第i株个体的混交度，n为树种数，N_sp为树种为sp的个体数，S_i为结构单元中的树种数，i为以树种sp为参照树的结构单元数。TSS越大，林分树种空间多样性越高N is the total number of trees in plot, M_i is the mingling of i-th tree. n is the number of tree species, N_sp is the number of species sp, S_i is tree species number in structure unit, i is the number of structure unit which object tree is sp. The higher the value of TSS, it indicates that the tree species spatial diversity of stand is higher
全混交度 Complete mingling (汤孟平等，2012)	${M_{{c_i}}} = \frac{1}{2}\left({{D_i} + \frac{{{c_i}}}{{{n_i}}}} \right){M_i}$	M_i为简单混交度，n_i为最近相邻木株数，c_i为对象木最近相邻木中非同种的个数，D_i为空间结构单元的Simpson指数。M_{c_i}越高，林分混交程度越高M_i is simple mingling, n_i is number of near neighbor trees, c_i is the number of different tree species with object tree, D_i is Simpson index of spatial structure unit. The higher the value of M_{c_i}, the greater the mixed of stand

Table 2

Table 3

Commonly used stand size differentiation diversity indices(tree diameter size as example)"

指数名称Index	计算公式Formula	说明Definition
大小变异系数Size coefficient of variation (Porkress，2004)	${\rm{cv}}\frac{{\sqrt {\frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{{\left({{\rm{DB}}{{\rm{H}}_i} - \overline {{\rm{DBH}}} } \right)}^2}} }}{{n - 1}}} }}{{\overline {{\rm{DBH}}} }}$	n为样地中林木株数, $\overline{{\rm{DBH}}}$为平均胸径DBH的算术平均值。cv越大，林分中树种大小分化程度越大n is the total number of trees in plot, $\overline{{\rm{DBH}}}$ is the arithmetic mean DBH. The higher the value of cv, it indicates that the tree size differentiation of stand is greater
胸径分布偏度Diameter distribution skewness (Porkress，2004)	${\rm{sk}} = \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{{\left({{\rm{DB}}{{\rm{H}}_i} - \overline {{\rm{DBH}}} } \right)}^3}} }}{{(n - 1) \cdot {\rm{sd}}_{{\rm{DBH}}}^3}}$	n为样地中林木株数, $\overline{{\rm{DBH}}}$为平均胸径DBH的算术平均值，sd为标准差, sk < 0右偏，sk=0对称分布，sk>0左偏。sk绝对值越大，林木大小分化程度越大n is the total number of trees in plot, $\overline{{\rm{DBH}}}$ is the arithmetic mean DBH, sd is standard deviation, sk < 0 means negatively skewed, sk=0 means symmetric, sk>0 means positively skewed. The greater the absolute value of sk, the greater of trees size differentiation
Gini系数 Gini coefficient(Gini，1972)	${\rm{GC}} = \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {(2i - n - 1)} {\rm{B}}{{\rm{A}}_i}}}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{\rm{B}}{{\rm{A}}_i}} (n - 1)}}$	n为样地中林木株数，BA_i为林木单株断面积。GC越大，林木大小分化程度越大n is the total number of trees in plot, BA_i is basal area of tree i. The greater the value of GC, the greater of trees size differentiation
大小分化度Diameter differentiation(Gadow et al., 1993)	${T_i} = 1 - \frac{{\min \left({{d_i}, {d_1}} \right)}}{{\max \left({{d_i}, {d_1}} \right)}}$	d_i为参照树直径，d₁为最近1株相邻木直径。T_i越大，林木大小分化程度越大d_i is diameter of object tree, d₁ is diameter of the nearest neighbor tree. The greater the value of T_i, the greater of trees size differentiation
大小比数Neighborhood comparison(惠刚盈等，1999)	${U_i} = \frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {{v_{ij}}} $	n为相邻木株数，如果第i株林木的第j株相邻木较i小，则v_ij=0；否则v_ij=1。U_i越小，由n株相邻木组成结构单元中参照树的优势越大n is number of near neighbor trees, if i-th tree is large than the j-th neighbor tree, v_ij=0, else, v_ij=1. The smaller the value of U_i，the greater of reference tree of structural units which consisting of n adjacent woods
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index (Shannon，1949)	${H^\prime } = - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^S {{p_i}} \ln {p_i}$	p_i为第i个径阶林木株数占总林木株数的比例，S为径阶总数。H′越大，林木大小分化程度越高p_i is the percentage of the number of trees of the i-th diameter class in the total number of trees, S is the number of diameter class.The larger the value of H′, the higher of trees size differentiation
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index (Simpson，1949)	$D = 1 - \sum\limits_1^S {{{\left({{p_i}} \right)}^2}} $	S为径阶总数，p_i为第i个径阶林木株数占总林木株数的比例；D越大，林木大小分化程度越高S is the number of diameter class，p_i is the percentage of the number of trees of the i-th diameter class in the total number of trees. The larger the value of D, the higher of trees size differentiation

Table 3

Table 4

Commonly used point process pattern function"

函数名称Function name	函数形式Function	说明Definition
Ripley’K函数Ripley’Kfunction(Ripley, 1977)	$K(d) = A\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {\frac{{{\delta _{ij}}(d)}}{{{n^2}}}} } $	A为样地面积，n为林木个数，d为树i与树j间的距离，当d_ij < d时，δ_ijd=1；当d_ij≥d时，δ_ijd=0 A is area of plot, n is the total number of trees in plot, d is the distance between i and j, when d_ij < d, δ_ijd=1；when d_ij≥d，δ_ijd=0
基Ripley’K函数于L-函数L-function based on Ripley’K function (Besag, 1977)	$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{L_1}(r) = \sqrt {{{\rm{ \mathit{ π} }}^{ - 1}}K(r)} }\\{{L_2}(r) = \sqrt {{{\rm{ \mathit{ π} }}^{ - 1}}K(r)} - r}\end{array}$	K(r)为Ripley’K函数，r为树i与树j间的距离K(r) is Ripley’K function, r is the distance between i and j
双相关函数Pair correlation function	$g(r) = \frac{{{\rho ^{(2)}}(x, y){\rm{d}}x{\rm{d}}y}}{{{\lambda ^2}}}$	λ²为完全随机分布格局中发现被距离r分隔的2个点的概率；ρ⁽²⁾(x, y)dxdy为实际观察窗口中发现2个点的概率λ² is the probability of finding two points separated by r in the complete random distribution pattern; ρ⁽²⁾ (x, y)dxdy is probability of finding two points in actual observation window
O-ring统计O-ring statistics	Or=λg(r)	λ为圆环上点的概率密度，g(r)为双相关函数λ is probability of point on ring, g(r) is pair correlation function
角尺度Uniform angle index (惠刚盈等，1999)	${W_i} = \frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {{v_{ij}}} $	n为相邻木株数，如果相邻木与参照组成的角大于标准角，则v_ij=0；否则v_ij=1。分布格局可用图形、置信区间或显著性检验方法进行判断n is number of near neighbor trees, if the angle composition by adjacent and reference wood is greater than the standard angle, v_ij=0, else, v_ij=1. The distribution pattern can be judged by graph, confidence interval or significant test method

Table 4

References 0

	白超, 惠刚盈. 林木直径大小多样性量化测度指数的比较研究. 林业科学研究, 2016. 29 (3): 340- 347.
	Bai C , Hui G Y . Study on diversity indices of tree diameter size. Forest Research, 2016. 29 (3): 340- 347.
	惠刚盈, 胡艳波. 混交林树种空间隔离程度表达方式的研究. 林业科学研究, 2001. 14 (1): 23- 27.
	Hui G Y , Hu Y B . Measuring species spatial isolation in mixed forests. Forest Research, 2001. 14 (1): 23- 27.
	惠刚盈, 胡艳波, 徐海. 结构化森林经营. 北京: 中国林业出版社. 2007.
	Hui G Y , Hu Y B , Xu H . Structure-based forest management. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House. 2007.
	惠刚盈, Klausvon Gadow, MatthiasAlbert. 角尺度——一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数. 林业科学, 1999. 35 (1): 37- 42.
	Hui G Y , Gadow K , Albert M . The neighbourhood pattern:a new structure parameter for describing distribution of forest tree position. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1999. 35 (1): 37- 42.
	兰国玉, 雷瑞德. 植物种群空间分布格局研究方法概述. 西北林学院学报, 2003. 18 (2): 17- 21.
	Lan G Y , Lei R D . Brief introduction of spatial method of distribution pattern of population. Journal of northwest forestry university, 2003. 18 (2): 17- 21.
	汤孟平, 娄明华, 陈永刚, 等. 不同混交度指数的比较分析. 林业科学, 2012. 48 (8): 46- 53.
	Tang M P , Lou M H , Chen Y G , et al. Compartive analyses on different mingling indices. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2012. 48 (8): 46- 53.
	汤孟平, 唐守正, 雷相东, 等. 两种混交度的比较分析. 林业资源管理, 2004. 4 (8): 25- 27.
	Tang M P , Tang S Z , Lei X D , et al. Comparison of two mingling. Forest Resources Management, 2004. 4 (8): 25- 27.
	马克平. 生物多样性与生态系统功能的实验研究. 生物多样性, 2013. 21 (3): 247- 248.
	Ma K P . Studies on biodiversity and ecosystem function via manipulation experiments. Biodiversity Science, 2013. 21 (3): 247- 248.
	雷相东, 唐守正. 林分结构多样性指标研究综述. 林业科学, 2002. 38 (3): 146- 151.
	Lei X D , Tang S Z . Indicators of structural diversity within stand:review. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2002. 38 (3): 146- 151.
	赵中华, 惠刚盈, 胡艳波, 等. 结构化森林经营方法在阔叶红松林中的应用. 林业科学研究, 2013. 26 (4): 467- 472.
	Zhao Z H , Hui G Y , Hu Y B , et al. Application of structure-based forest management in broadleaved korean pine mixed forest. Forest Research, 2013. 26 (4): 467- 472.
	Acker S A , Sabin T E , Ganio L M , et al. Development of old-growth structure and timber volume growth trends in maturing Douglas-fir stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998. 104, 265- 280. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00249-1
	Bachofen H , Zingg A . Effectiveness of structure improvement thinning on stand structure in subalpine Norway spruce(Picea abies(L.)Karst.) stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 2001. 145, 137- 149. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00581-8
	Barnett J L , How R A , Humphreys W F . The use of habitat components by small mammals in eastern Australia. Austral Ecology, 1978. 3 (3): 277- 285. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1978.tb01177.x
	Besag J E . Contribution to the discussion on Dr. Ripley's paper. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 1977. 39, 193- 195.
	Blackman G E . Statistical and ecological studies in the distribution of species in plant communities.Ⅰ. Dispersion as a factor in the study of changes in plant populations. Annals of Botany, 1942. 6, 351- 370. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088411
	Buongiorno J , Dahir S , Lu H , et al. Tree size diversity and economic returns in uneven-aged forest stands. Forest Science, 1994. 40, 83- 103.
	Burgman M A , Breininger D R , Duncan B W , et al. Setting reliability bounds on habitat suitability indices. Ecological Applications, 2001. 11, 70- 78. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0070:SRBOHS]2.0.CO;2
	Clark P J , Evans F C . Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology, 1954. 35 (4): 445- 453. doi: 10.2307/1931034
	Condit R , Ashton P S , Baker P , et al. Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species. Science, 2000. 288 (5470): 1414- 1418. doi: 10.1126/science.288.5470.1414
	Dewalt S J , Maliakal S K , Denslow J S . Changes in vegetation structure and composition along a tropical forest chronosequence:implications for wildlife. Forest Ecology and Management, 2003. 182, 139- 151. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00029-X
	Diggle P J. 1983. Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns. Academic Press, London, 148.
	Diggle P J. 2003. Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns. second eds. Hodder Arnold, London, 159.
	Ferris R , Humphrey J W . A review of potential biodiversity indicators for application in British forests. Forestry, 1999. 72, 313- 328. doi: 10.1093/forestry/72.4.313
	Franklin J F , Spies T A , Van Pelt R , et al. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-Fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management, 2002. 155, 399- 423. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00575-8
	Füldner K. 1995.Strukturbeschreibung von buchen-edellaubholz-mischwäldern (describing forest structures in mixed beech-ash-maple-sycamore stands).PhD dissertation, Faculty of Forestry, University of Göttingen, Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen, 163.
	Gadow K . Zur bestandesbeschreibung in der forsteinrichtung (New variables for describing stands of trees). Forest-und Holztagung, 1993. 48 (21): 602- 606.
	Gadow K . Waldstruktur und Diversität (Forest structure and diversity). Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung, 1999. 170, 117- 122.
	Gadow K, Zhang C Y, Wehenkel C, et al. 2012. Forest structure and diversity. Springer, Dordrecht, 29-83.
	Gamito S . Caution is needed when applying Margalef diversity index. Ecological Indicators, 2010. 10 (2): 550- 551. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.07.006
	Gavrikov V , Stoyan D . The use of marked point processes in ecological and environmental forest studies. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 1995. 2 (4): 331- 344. doi: 10.1007/BF00569362
	Gini C . Measurement of inequality and incomes. General Information, 1972. 75 (1): 163- 169.
	Gove J H. 1998. Optimizing the management of uneven-aged spruce-fir stands while preserving structural diversity. Assessment of biodiversity for improved forest planning. Springer Netherlands, 123-134.
	Gove J H , Patil G P , Taillie C . A mathematical programming model for maintaining structural diversity in uneven-aged forest stands with implications to other formulations. Ecological Modelling, 1995. 79, 11- 19. doi: 10.1016/0304-3800(94)00044-I
	Holdridge L R. 1967. Life zone ecology. Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica.
	Holland D N , Lilieholm R J , Roberts D W , et al. Economic trade-offs of managing forests for timber production and vegetative diversity. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1994. 24 (6): 1260- 1265. doi: 10.1139/x94-165
	Hui G Y , Pommerening A . Analysing tree species and size diversity patterns in multi-species uneven-aged forests of Northern China. Forest Ecology and Management, 2014. 316, 125- 138. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.029
	Hui G Y , Zhao X H , Zhao Z H , et al. Evaluating tree species spatial diversity based on neighborhood relationships. Forest Science, 2011. 57 (4): 292- 300.
	Illian J, Penttinen A, Stoyan H, et al.2008. Statistical analysis and modelling of spatial point patterns. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 534.
	Jaehne S , Dohrenbusch A . Ein verfahren zur beurteilung der bestandesdiversitt. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 1997. 116 (1): 333- 345.
	Kappelle M , Geuze T , Leal M E , et al. Successional age and forest structure in a Costa Rican upper montane Quercus forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 1996. 12 (5): 681- 698. doi: 10.1017/S0266467400009871
	Koop H . Tools to diagnose forest integrity:an appraisal method substantiated by silvi-star assessment of diversity and forest structure. Biochemical Journal, 1995. 298 (1): 479- 484.
	Lähde E , Laiho O , Norokorpi Y , et al. Stand structure as the basis of diversity index. Forest Ecology and Management, 1999. 115, 213- 220. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00400-9
	Lei X D , Wang W F , Peng C H . Relationships between stand growth and structural diversity in spruce-dominated forests in New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian journal of forest research, 2009. 39 (10): 1835- 1847. doi: 10.1139/X09-089
	Li Y F , Hui G Y , Zhao Z H , et al. The bivariate distribution characteristics of spatial structure in natural Korean pine broad-leaved forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2012. 23 (6): 1180- 1190. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01431.x
	McElhinny C , Gibbons P , Brack C , et al. Forest and woodland stand structural complexity:its definition and measurement. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005. 218 (1/3): 1- 24.
	MacArthur R H . Pattern in species diversity. Biological Reviews, 1965. 40, 510- 533. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1965.tb00815.x
	MacArthur R H , MacArthur J W . On bird species diversity. Ecology, 1961. 42, 594- 598. doi: 10.2307/1932254
	Means J E , Acker S A , Harding D J , et al. Use of large-footprint scanning airborne LiDAR to estimate forest stand characteristics in the Western Cascades of Oregon. Remote Sens Environ, 1999. 67, 298- 308. doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00091-1
	Newsome A E, Catling P C. 1979. Habitat preferences of mammals inhabiting heathlands of warm temperate coastal, montane and alpine regions of southeastern Australia//Specht R L. Ecosystems of the world 9A. Heathlands and related shrublands. Descriptive studies. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 301-316.
	Noss R F . Indicators for monitoring biodiversity:a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology, 1990. 4, 355- 364. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00309.x
	O'Hara K L , Latham P A , Hessburg P , et al. A structural classification for inland northwest forest vegetation. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 1996. 11, 97- 102. doi: 10.1093/wjaf/11.3.97
	Oliver C D, Larson B C. 1996. Forest stand dynamics. McGraw-Hill, New York, 520.
	Penttinen A , Stoyan D , Henttonen H M . Marked point process in forest statistics. Forest Science, 1992. 4 (4): 806- 824.
	Pielou E C . Segregation and symmetry in two-species populations as studied by nearest neighbor relations. Journal of Ecology, 1961. 49, 255- 269. doi: 10.2307/2257260
	Pielou E C . The use of point to plant distances in the study of the pattern of plant populations. Journal of Ecology, 1959. 47, 607- 613. doi: 10.2307/2257293
	Pommerening A , Rodriguez-Soalleiro R . Species mingling and diameter differentiation as second-order characteristics. Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung, 2011. 182 (7/8): 115- 129.
	Pommerening A . New methods of spatial simulation of forest structures and their implications for updating forest inventories. Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung, 2000. 171, 164- 169.
	Pommerening A . Approaches to quantifying forest structures. Forestry, 2002. 75, 305- 324. doi: 10.1093/forestry/75.3.305
	Pommerening A . Evaluating structural indices by reversing forest structural analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 2006. 224 (3): 266- 277. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.039
	Pommerening A , Särkkä A . What mark variograms tell about spatial plant interactions. Ecological Modelling, 2013. 251, 64- 72. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.12.009
	Porkess R. 2004. Collins dictionary statistics//Collins dictionary series. second ed. Harper Collins, 336.
	Ripley B . Modelling spatial pattern. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society:Series B, 1977. 39, 172- 242.
	Shannon C E, Weaver W. 1949.The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 117.
	Simpson E H . Measurement of diversity. Nature, 1949. 163 (4148): 163- 688.
	Spies T A . Forest structure:a key to the ecosystem. Northwest Science, 1998. 72, 34- 39.
	Spies T A, Franklin J F. 1991. The structure of natural young, mature, and old-growth douglas-fir forests in Oregon and Washington//Aubry K B, Brookes M H, Agee J K, et al. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon, 91-109.
	Staudhammer C L , LeMay V M . Introduction and evaluation of possible indices of stand structural diversity. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2001. 31, 1105- 1115. doi: 10.1139/x01-033
	Stoyan D, Penttinen A. 1998. Spatial point process methods in forestry statistics. Technical University Freiberg, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Preprint, 66.
	Sullivan T P , Sullivan D S , Lindgren P M F . Stand structure and small mammals in young Lodgepole Pine forest:10-year results after thinning. Ecological Applications, 2001. 11 (4): 1151- 1173. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1151:SSASMI]2.0.CO;2
	Svensson J S , Jeglum J K . Structure and dynamics of an undisturbed old-growth Norway spruce forest on the rising Bothnian coastline. Forest Ecology and Management, 2001. 151, 67- 79. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00697-6
	Tyrrell L F , Crow T R . Structural characteristics of old growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age. Ecology, 1994. 75, 370- 386. doi: 10.2307/1939541
	Uuttera J , Maltamo M . Impact of regeneration methods on stand structure prior to first thinning:comparative study North Karelia, Finland vs. Republic of Karelia, Russian Federation. Silva Fennica, 1995. 29 (4): 267- 285.
	Valbuena R , Packalén P , Martı S , et al. Diversity and equitability ordering profiles applied to study forest structure. Forest Ecology and Management, 2012. 276, 185- 195. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.03.036
	Van Den Meersschaut D, Vandekerkhove K. 1998. Development of a stand-scale forest biodiversity index based on the State Forest Inventory//Hansen M, Burk T. Integrated tools for natural resources inventories in the 21st century. USDA, Boise, Idaho, 340-349.
	Volin L , Buomgiorno J . Effect of alt ernative management regimes on forest stand structure, species composition and income:a model for the Italian Dolomites. Forest Ecology and Management, 1996. 87, 107- 125. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03828-5
	Wang H X , Wan P , Wang Q X , et al. Prevalence of inter-tree competition and its role in shaping the community structure of a natural mongolian scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) Fores. . Forests, 2017. 8 (3): 84.
	Watson J , Freudenberger D , Paull D , et al. An assessment of the focal-species approach for conserving birds in variegated land-scapes in southeastern Australia. Conservation Biology, 2001. 15, 1364- 1373. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00166.x
	Whittaker R H . Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 1972. 21 (2/3): 213- 251.
	Wiegand T, Moloney K A. 2013. Handbook of spatial point-pattern analysis in ecology. Chemical Rubber Company Press, 538.
	Wikstrom P , Eriksson L O . Solving the stand management problem under biodiversity-elated considerations. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000. 126 (3): 361- 376. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00107-3
	Zenner E K. 2000. Do residual trees increase structural complexity in Pacific Northwest coniferous forests? Ecological Applications, 10: 800-810.
	Ziegler S S . A comparison of structural characteristics between old growth and postfire second growth hemlock-hardwood forests in Adirondack Park, New York, USA. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2000. 9, 373- 389. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00191.x
	Zhao Z Z , Hui G Y , Hu Y B , et al. Testing the significance of different tree spatial distribution patterns based on the uniform angle index. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2014. 44 (11): 1419- 1425. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-2014-0192

指数名称Index	计算公式Formula	说明Definition
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index (Shannon et al., 1949)	${H^\prime } = - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^S {{p_i}} \ln {p_i}$	p_i为第i个树种株数在林分树木总株数中所占百分比，S为树种数。H′越大，表明林分组成结构多样性越高p_i is the percentage of the i-th tree species in the total number of trees, S is the number of tree species in the stand. The larger the value of H′, the higher the diversity of the components structure of the stand
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index (Pielou，1961)	E=H′/lnS	H′为Shannon-Wiener指数，S为树种数。E越大，林分树种分配越均匀H′ is the Shannon-Wiener index, S is the number of tree species. The larger the value of E, the more evenness the distribution of structural components of the forest
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index (Simpson，1949)	$D = 1 - \sum\limits_1^S {{{\left({{p_i}} \right)}^2}} $	S为树种数，p_i为第i个树种株数在林分树木总株数中所占百分比。D越大，表明林分中树种多样性越高S is the number of tree species, p_i is the percentage of the i-th tree species in the total number of trees. The larger the value of D, the higher the diversity of the components structure of the stand
Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef richness index (Gamito，2010)	R₁=(S-1)/lnN	S为树种数，N为所有树种的个体总数。R₁越大，林分中树种的丰富程度越高S is the number of tree species, N is the total number of trees. The larger the value of R₁, the higher the diversity of the components structure of the stand

[1]	Jingyu Wei,Wenyi Fan,Ying Yu,Xuegang Mao. Polarimetric Decomposition Parameters for Artificial Forest Canopy Biomass Estimation Using GF-3 Fully Polarimetric SAR Data [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(9): 174-183.
[2]	Ao Tian,Jiaguo Wang,Zhencheng Han,Jiawei Wu,Weijie Li. Impacts on Decomposition of Flower to Leaf Ration in the Litter of Rhododendron delavayi in Baili Azalea Forest Area of Guizhou Province [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(8): 1-10.
[3]	Yuzhe Wang,Fengli Zhang,Xingbo Zheng,Shijie Han,Junqiang Zheng. Effects of Sulfur and Manganese Addition on Mineralization of Recalcitrant Organic Carbon of Forest Soil and Humus in Changbai Mountains [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(8): 11-19.
[4]	Xiaoya Pei,Nilakshi Jayasekara Arachchige Maduka,Chenhui Zhu,Dun Wang. Diversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Western Sichuan Plateau [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(8): 73-79.
[5]	Tao Sun,Zhiqing Jia,Hujun Liu,Wen Shang,Jiang Liu,Liheng Zhang. Spatial Pattern of Points Distribution of Sandpiles of Nitraria tangutorum Nebkhas at Different Developmental Stages in Desert-Oasis Ecotone of Minqin [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(7): 12-21.
[6]	Zhongfu Zhou,Wenxia Zhao,Ruozhu Lin,Wenxia Huai,Yanxia Yao. Diversity of Associated Fungi of Agrilus mali (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Wild Apple Forests of Xinjiang [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(7): 82-90.
[7]	Anke Wang,Yufang Bi,Xing Wen,Yukui Wang,Hanjiang Cai. Antifungal Activity of 4 Kinds of Aromatic Essential Oil Derived from Plants to Pathogenic Fungi of Bamboo [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(6): 59-67.
[8]	Wankuan Zhu,Yuxing Xu,Zhichao Wang,Apeng Du. Biomass Estimation Coefficient and Its Impacting Factors for Eucalyptus Plantation in China [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(5): 1-11.
[9]	Xiaorong Wang,Lei Lei,Tian Fu,Lei Pan,Lixiong Zeng,Wenfa Xiao. Short-Term Effects of Selective Cutting for Tending on Leaf Litter Decomposition Rate and Nutrient Release in Pinus massoniana Forests [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(4): 12-21.
[10]	Changlin Liu,Guoying Zhou,Bai Xiao,Jun Liu. Diversity of Endophytic Fungi in Heartwood and Sapwood of Dalbergia odorifera [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(4): 109-120.
[11]	Xiujin Yuan, Wenfa Xiao, Jingpin Lei, Lei Pan, Xiaorong Wang, Hongxia Cui, Wenjie Hu. Spatial Variability of Throughfall and Stemflow in Pinus massoniana Plantation in Three Gorges Reservoir Area [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(1): 10-19.
[12]	Lixia Chen,Jianping Fu,Jun Lu,Liangliang Yang,Changqing Ding. Composition and Changing Trends of Birds in Summer in the Qagan Nur Wetland of Inner Mongolia [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(1): 145-153.
[13]	Lei Deng,Chunyun Zhu,Shichuan Yu,Yinyan Qi,Wenhui Zhang,Sheng Du,Jinhong Guan. Effects of Mingling Intensity on Morphological Characteristics of Fine Roots of a Middle-Aged Picea crassifolia Natural Forests in Qilian Mountains [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(1): 191-200.
[14]	Ma Songmei, Wang Chuncheng, Sun Fangfang, Wei Bo, Nie Yingbin. Genetic Diversity of an Endangered Plant Amygdalus ledebouriana in Xinjiang [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(9): 71-80.
[15]	Wang Wenjie, Du Hongju, Xiao Lu, Zhang Jianyu, Zhong Zhaoliang, Zhou Wei, Zhang Bo, Wang Hongyuan. Differences in Plant Composition and Forest Structure among of 3 Forest Types in Liangshui National Nature Reserve [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(9): 166-176.

Advances in Structural Diversity of Stand Structure

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 4

References 0

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments