基于染色示踪和探地雷达的辽宁老秃顶子天然次生林土壤优先流特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250132

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: By combining ground penetrating radar (GPR) and dye-tracing techniques, this study analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of soil preferential flow under different rainfall intensities and reveals the regulatory mechanisms of rainfall heterogeneity on preferential flow development. Additionally, we attempt to establish relationships between GPR characteristic parameters and preferential flow indices, clarify the applicability and limitations of GPR technology in identifying preferential flow, and provide insights for non-destructive monitoring of subsurface hydrological processes. Method: Focusing on a natural secondary forest dominated by Quercus mongolica, Acer pictum, and Populus davidiana in the Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve, Liaoning Province, dye-tracing experiments were conducted under heavy rain (35 mm) and torrential rain (60 mm) conditions. Stained profiles were excavated to visually analyze preferential flow characteristics, and preferential flow indices were used to comprehensively evaluate flow development. By analyzing four GPR waveform parameters: maximum amplitude (A_max), maximum amplitude area (S_max), total amplitude area (ΣS), and maximum time interval (T_max), combined with the dye coverage ratio (DC) of soil profiles, the vertical variation of preferential flow was explored. Three-dimensional maps of A_max changes before and after dye tracing were constructed to investigate variations in GPR parameters over time (pre-dye, 30 min, 1 h, and 24 h post-dye) and water transport processes. Result: 1) Preferential flow in the study area predominantly exhibited funnel and finger flow patterns with lateral flow characteristics. Heterogeneity exists in the water infiltration process,and DC exhibits a nonlinear decline as a whole with the deepening of the soil layer. As infiltration increased, the preferential flow index decreased (0.47→0.42), spatial heterogeneity declined (coefficient of variation: 0.66→0.28), and distribution expanded (DC: 48.78%→74.36%). 2) GPR parameters significantly correlated with DC. Post-dye A_max, S_max, and ΣS showed highly significant positive correlations (P≤0.01), while post-dye T_max showed a significant negative correlation (P≤0.05), confirming GPR’s effectiveness in quantifying preferential flow. 3) Post-dye A_max peaked at 10 cm depth, indicating intense water dynamics and highest preferential flow activity, with amplitude decreasing and flow weakening at greater depths. 4) The increase in infiltration water volume accelerated the maximum value of A_max from 1 hour to 30 minutes after staining during the observation period, indicating that the augmentation of infiltration water volume could accelerate water infiltration and expedite the development of preferential flow. Conclusion: This study elucidates the characteristics and dynamics of soil preferential flow in Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve under varying rainfall conditions. These findings indicate that an increase in infiltrated water volume accelerates the development of soil preferential flow, enabling it to reach its peak intensity within a shorter timeframe, yet paradoxically suppresses the overall extent or magnitude of preferential flow development. GPR technology effectively identifies preferential flow and correlates with its intensity, offering quantitative support for dye-tracing results, thereby aiding non-destructive monitoring of hydrological processes.

Key words: soil preferential flow, ground penetrating radar (GPR), dye tracing, GPR characteristic parameters, preferential flow development

CLC Number:

S714.7

Yuqi Jiang,Jianzhi Niu,Di Wang,Tao Yang,Zhengyu Dai,Jiayu Zheng. Characteristics of Soil Preferential Flow in the Natural Secondary Forest of Laotudingzi in Liaoning Province Based on Dye Tracing and Ground Penetrating Radar[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(8): 32-45.

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土层 Soil layer/cm	密度Density/ (g·cm^?3)	总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity (%)	非毛管孔隙度 Non-capillary porosity (%)	田间持水量 Field capacity (%)	土壤机械组成 Soil texture composition (%)
土层 Soil layer/cm	密度Density/ (g·cm^?3)	总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity (%)	非毛管孔隙度 Non-capillary porosity (%)	田间持水量 Field capacity (%)	砂粒 Sand	粉粒 Silt	黏粒 Clay
0~10	0.94±0.12	64.59±1.88	41.24±2.76	23.34±1.53	53.60±2.29	70.87±2.62	20.17±2.33	8.95±0.61
10~20	1.25±0.07	52.88±2.06	30.60±2.64	22.28±0.69	49.53±6.59
20~30	1.39±0.16	45.05±1.74	25.03±0.64	20.02±2.37	33.33±5.31
平均Average	1.33±0.09	53.02±0.09	32.29±1.29	21.88±0.97	45.49±2.92

土层 Soil layer/ cm	土壤体积含水量 Soil volumetric water content (%)	土壤介电常数 Soil dielectric constant	电磁波速度 Speed of electromagnetic waves/(m·ns^?1)	雷达反射深度 Radar reflection depth/m
0~10	24.54±2.46	12.97	0.08	1.04
10~20	20.31±2.05	10.29	0.09	1.16
20~30	19.09±2.03	9.59	0.10	1.21
均值Average	21.31±2.66	10.95	0.09	1.14

入渗水量 Infiltration water volume	染色面积比 Dye coverage ratio (%)	基质流深度 Matrix flow depth/cm	优先流比 Preferential flow ratio (%)	长度指数 Length index (%)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation	峰值 Peak value	优先流综合评价指数 Preferential flow evaluation index
大雨Heavy rain （35 mm）	48.78±29.52	6.7±4.9	52.01±11.21	581.83±156.84	0.66±0.56	11.89±7.49	0.47
暴雨Torrential rain （60 mm）	74.36±23.43	9.1±6.4	58.82±11.68	378.66±67.89	0.28±0.28	5.22±3.19	0.42

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Characteristics of Soil Preferential Flow in the Natural Secondary Forest of Laotudingzi in Liaoning Province Based on Dye Tracing and Ground Penetrating Radar

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