6个白杨无性系水力效率与气体交换及生长的关系

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20221111

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: Xylem water transport is the basis of photosynthetic process and tree growth. Exploring the effect of hydraulic efficiency on gas exchange and growth performance will help to deepen the understanding of the internal relationship between hydraulic efficiency and gas exchange and growth, and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of new drought-resistant forest varieties. Method: The 2-year-old seedlings of six poplar hybrid clonesPopulus alba 'I-101'×(P. alba×P. Glandulosa '84K') were used to measure gas exchange parameters (net photosynthetic rate A_net, stomatal conductance g_s, reference stomatal conductance g_s-ref, water use efficiency WUE), leaf water status (midday leaf water potential Ψ_md), hydraulic efficiency (whole crown hydraulic efficiency K_CL, main branch hydraulic efficiency K_MSL and root hydraulic efficiency K_RL), stomatal characteristics (stomatal density SD, stomatal length SL, stomatal area index SPI) and growth parameters (ground diameter absolute growth rate AGRD and relative growth rate RGRD). Results: 1) Six poplar clones showed significant difference in hydraulic efficiency, and the changes of the hydraulic efficiency of roots, main branches and crowns were consistent, that is, the clones with high or low hydraulic efficiency had higher or lower K_RL, K_MSL and K_CL. 2) The change in Ψ_md was closely related to that of g_s. After Ψ_md decreased to -1.1 Mpa, g_s decreased sharply, resulting in a corresponding decrease in A_net. AGRD was significantly positively correlated with A_net. 3) SL was significantly positively correlated with K_CL, K_MSL, g_s-ref, AGRD and RGRD, and SD was significantly negatively correlated with K_MSL, A_net and AGRD. 4) K_CL and K_MSL were significantly correlated with g_s-re, and K_CL had a stronger correlation with g_s-ref, indicating that higher hydraulic efficiency was beneficial to stomatal opening. 5) K_CL was significantly positively correlated with K_MSL, and K_MSL was always greater than K_CL (about 37.3% higher on average). K_CL and K_MSL were significantly positively correlated with AGRD and RGRD, among which K_CL had a stronger correlation with RGRD. Conclusion: In this study, ,it is found that the hydraulic efficiency of each part of the tree is coordinated at the intraspecific clonal level, and the hydraulic efficiency of the root system, main branch, crown can reflect the ability of the tree to transport water. The water transport efficiency is closely related to the gas exchange process of leaves, and the structural characteristics of leaf stomata are coordinated with the water transport capacity. Efficient water transport improves the leaf water status, promotes stomatal opening, and improves carbon assimilation capacity, and thereby promotes growth.

Key words: poplar, hydraulic efficiency, gas exchange, growth rate

CLC Number:

Youjing Zhang,Yueyang Li,Han Zhao,Yuwan Cheng,Wei Wang,Zaimin Jiang,Jing Cai. Relationship between Hydraulic Efficiency and Gas Exchange and Growth of Six Poplar Clones[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(11): 118-126.

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Table 2

Fig.1

Table 3

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

References 0

	李吉跃, 翟洪波. 木本植物水力结构与抗旱性. 应用生态学报, 2000, 11 (2): 301- 305. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2000.02.037
	Li J Y , Zhai H B . Hydraulic architecture and drought resistance of woody plants. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000, 11 (2): 301- 305. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2000.02.037
	李志民, 王传宽, 罗丹丹. 兴安落叶松叶水力与光合性状的变异性和相关性. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41 (11): 1140- 1148.
	Li Z M , Wang C K , Luo D D . Variations and interrelationships of foliar hydraulic and photosynthetic traits for Larix gmelinii. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41 (11): 1140- 1148.
	Boyer J S . Leaf water potentials measured with a pressure chamber. Plant Physiology, 1967, 42 (1): 133- 137. doi: 10.1104/pp.42.1.133
	Brodribb T J , Feild T S . Stem hydraulic supply is linked to leaf photosynthetic capacity: evidence from New Caledonian and Tasmanian rainforests. Plant Cell and Environment, 2000, 23 (12): 1381- 1388. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00647.x
	Brodribb T J , Holbrook N M . Stomatal protection against hydraulic failure: a comparison of coexisting ferns and angiosperms. New Phytologist, 2004, 162 (3): 663- 670. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01060.x
	Brodribb T J , Holbrook N M , Gutierrez M V . Hydraulic and photosynthetic co-ordination in seasonally dry tropical forest trees. Plant Cell and Environment, 2002, 11 (25): 1435- 1444.
	Campanello P I , Gatti M G , Goldstein G . Coordination between water-transport efficiency and photosynthetic capacity in canopy tree species at different growth irradiances. Tree Physiology, 2008, 28 (1): 85- 94. doi: 10.1093/treephys/28.1.85
	Carvalho M R , Turgeon R , Owens T , et al. The scaling of the hydraulic architecture in poplar leaves. New Phytologist, 2017, 214 (1): 145- 157. doi: 10.1111/nph.14385
	Chamaillard S , Fichot R , Vincent-Barbaroux C , et al. Variations in bulk leaf carbon isotope discrimination, growth and related leaf traits among three Populus nigra L. populations. Tree Physiology, 2011, 31 (10): 1076- 1087. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpr089
	Ducrey M , Huc R , Ladjal M , et al. Variability in growth, carbon isotope composition, leaf gas exchange and hydraulic traits in the eastern Mediterranean cedars Cedruslibani and C. brevifolia. Tree Physiology, 2008, 28 (5): 689- 701. doi: 10.1093/treephys/28.5.689
	Earles J M , Stevens J T , Sperling O , et al. Extreme mid-winter drought weakens tree hydraulic-carbohydrate systems and slows growth. New Phytologist, 2018, 219 (1): 89- 97. doi: 10.1111/nph.15136
	Fan Z X , Zhang S B , Hao G Y , et al. Hydraulic conductivity traits predict growth rates and adult stature of 40 Asian tropical tree species better than wood density. Journal of Ecology, 2012, 100 (3): 732- 741. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01939.x
	Feild T S , Balun L . Xylem hydraulic and photosynthetic function of Gnetum (Gnetales) species from Papua New Guinea. New Phytologist, 2008, 177 (3): 665- 675. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02306.x
	Fichot R , Chamaillard S , Depardieu C , et al. Hydraulic efficiency and coordination with xylem resistance to cavitation, leaf function, and growth performance among eight unrelated Populus deltoides × Populus nigra hybrids. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011, 62 (6): 2093- 2106. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erq415
	Fichot R , Laurans F , Monclus R , et al. Xylem anatomy correlates with gas exchange, water-use efficiency and growth performance under contrasting water regimes: evidence from Populus deltoides×Populus nigra hybrids. Tree Physiology, 2009, 29 (12): 1537- 1549. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpp087
	Franks P J . Higher rates of leaf gas exchange are associated with higher leaf hydrodynamic pressure gradients. Plant Cell and Environment, 2006, 29 (4): 584- 592. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01434.x
	Fu X , Meinzer F C , Woodruff D R , et al. Coordination and trade-offs between leaf and stem hydraulic traits and stomatal regulation along a spectrum of isohydry to anisohydry. Plant Cell and Environment, 2019, 42 (7): 2245- 2258. doi: 10.1111/pce.13543
	Hao G Y , Hoffmann W A , Scholz F G , et al. Stem and leaf hydraulics of congeneric tree species from adjacent tropical savanna and forest ecosystems. Oecologia, 2008, 155 (3): 405- 415. doi: 10.1007/s00442-007-0918-5
	Hubbard R M , Ryan M G , Stiller V , et al. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis vary linearly with plant hydraulic conductance in ponderosa pine. Plant Cell and Environment, 2001, 24 (1): 113- 121. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00660.x
	Kim S J , Yu D J , Kim T-C , et al. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum cv. Bluecrop) under various shade levels. Scientia Horticulturae, 2011, 129 (3): 486- 492. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.04.022
	Li L , McCormack M L , Ma C , et al. Leaf economics and hydraulic traits are decoupled in five species-rich tropical-subtropical forests. Ecology Letters, 2015, 18 (9): 899- 906. doi: 10.1111/ele.12466
	Li Y , Sperry J S , Shao M . Hydraulic conductance and vulnerability to cavitation in corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids of differing drought resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2009, 66 (2): 341- 346. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.02.001
	Liu X , Liu H , Gleason S M , et al. Water transport from stem to stomata: the coordination of hydraulic and gas exchange traits across 33 subtropical woody species. Tree Physiology, 2019, 39 (10): 1665- 1674. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpz076
	Machado J L , Tyree M T . Patterns of hydraulic architecture and water relations of two tropical canopy trees with contrasting leaf phenologies: Ochroma pyramidale and Pseudobombax septenatum. Tree Physiology, 1994, 14 (3): 219- 240. doi: 10.1093/treephys/14.3.219
	Martinez-Vilalta J , Prat E , Oliveras I , et al. Xylem hydraulic properties of roots and stems of nine Mediterranean woody species. Oecologia, 2002, 133 (1): 19- 29. doi: 10.1007/s00442-002-1009-2
	Meinzer F C , Bond B J , Warren J M , et al. Does water transport scale universally with tree size?. Functional Ecology, 2005, 19 (4): 558- 565. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01017.x
	Mendez-Alonzo R , Ewers F W , Jacobsen A L , et al. Covariation between leaf hydraulics and biomechanics is driven by leaf density in Mediterranean shrubs. Trees-Structure and Function, 2019, 33 (2): 507- 519. doi: 10.1007/s00468-018-1796-7
	Neufeld H S , Grantz D A , Meinzer F C , et al. Genotypic variability in vulnerability of leaf xylem to cavitation in water-stressed and well-irrigated sugarcane. Plant Physiology, 1992, 100 (2): 1020- 1028. doi: 10.1104/pp.100.2.1020
	Oren R , Sperry J S , Katul G G , et al. Survey and synthesis of intra- and interspecific variation in stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit. Plant Cell and Environment, 1999, 22 (12): 1515- 1526. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00513.x
	Philip R . Plant water relations: some physical aspects. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1966, 17 (1): 245- 268. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.17.060166.001333
	Russo S E , Cannon W L , Elowsky C , et al. Variation in leaf stomatal traits of 28 tree species in relation to gas exchange along an edaphic gradient in a Bornean rainforest. American Journal of Botany, 2010, 97 (7): 1109- 1120. doi: 10.3732/ajb.0900344
	Sack L , Scoffoni C . Measurement of leaf hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance and their responses to irradiance and dehydration using the Evaporative Flux Method (EFM). Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2012, (70): 1- 7.
	Salmon Y , Lintunen A , Dayet A , et al. Leaf carbon and water status control stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis in trees. New Phytologist, 2020, 226 (3): 690- 703. doi: 10.1111/nph.16436
	Sangsing K , Kasemsap P , Thanisawanyangkura S , et al. Xylem embolism and stomatal regulation in two rubber clones (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). Trees-Structure and Function, 2004, 18 (2): 109- 114. doi: 10.1007/s00468-003-0286-7
	Santiago L S , De Guzman M E , Baraloto C , et al. Coordination and trade-offs among hydraulic safety, efficiency and drought avoidance traits in Amazonian rainforest canopy tree species. New Phytologist, 2018, 218 (3): 1015- 1024. doi: 10.1111/nph.15058
	Skelton R P , Brodribb T J , McAdam S A M , et al. Gas exchange recovery following natural drought is rapid unless limited by loss of leaf hydraulic conductance: evidence from an evergreen woodland. New Phytologist, 2017, 215 (4): 1399- 1412. doi: 10.1111/nph.14652
	Sperry J S , Alder N N , Eastlack S E . The effect of reduced hydraulic conductance on stomatal conductance and xylem cavitation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1993, 44 (263): 1075- 1082.
	Sperry J S , Meinzer F C , McCulloh K A . Safety and efficiency conflicts in hydraulic architecture: scaling from tissues to trees. Plant Cell and Environment, 2008, 31 (5): 632- 645. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01765.x
	Tyree M , Sperry J . Vulnerability of xylem to cavitation and embolism. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 1989, (40): 19- 36.
	Tyree M T . The hydraulic architecture of Thuja occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1983, 61 (8): 2105- 2111. doi: 10.1139/b83-226
	Tyree M T . Hydraulic limits on tree performance: transpiration, carbon gain and growth of trees. Trees-Structure and Function, 2003, 17 (2): 95- 100. doi: 10.1007/s00468-002-0227-x
	Tyree M T , Ewers F W . The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants. New Phytologist, 1991, 119 (3): 345- 360. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00035.x
	Tyree M T , Patino S , Bennink J , et al. Dynamic measurements of root hydraulic conductance using a high-pressure flowmeter in the laboratory and field. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1995, 46 (282): 83- 94.
	Tyree M T , Sinclair B , Lu P , et al. Whole shoot hydraulic resistance in Quercus species measured with a new high-pressure flowmeter. Annales Des Sciences Forestieres, 1993, 50 (5): 417- 423. doi: 10.1051/forest:19930501
	Tyree M T , Snyderman D A , Wilmot T R , et al. Water relations and hydraulic architecture of a tropical tree (Schefflera morototoni): data, models, and a comparison with two temperate species (Acer saccharum and Thuja occidentalis). Plant Physiology, 1991, 96 (4): 1105- 1113. doi: 10.1104/pp.96.4.1105
	Tyree M T , Yang S D , Cruiziat P , et al. Novel methods of measuring hydraulic conductivity of tree root systems and interpretation using Amaized. Plant Physiology, 1994, 104 (1): 189- 199. doi: 10.1104/pp.104.1.189
	Van den Honert T H . Water transport in plant as a catenary process. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 1948, 3, 146- 153. doi: 10.1039/df9480300146
	Viger M , Smith H K , Cohen D , et al. Adaptive mechanisms and genomic plasticity for drought tolerance identified in European black poplar (Populus nigra L.). Tree Physiology, 2016, 36 (7): 909- 928. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpw017
	Xiong D , Nadal M . Linking water relations and hydraulics with photosynthesis. The Plant Journal, 2020, 101 (4): 800- 815. doi: 10.1111/tpj.14595
	Zhu S D , Li R H , He P C , et al. Large branch and leaf hydraulic safety margins in subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. Tree Physiology, 2019, 39 (8): 1405- 1415. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpz028
	Zhu S D , Song J J , Li R H , et al. Plant hydraulics and photosynthesis of 34 woody species from different successional stages of subtropical forests. Plant Cell and Environment, 2013, 36 (4): 879- 891. doi: 10.1111/pce.12024
	Zimmermann M H . Hydraulic architecture of some diffuse-porous trees. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1978, 56 (18): 2286- 2295. doi: 10.1139/b78-274

定义 Denifition	符号 Symbol	单位 Units employed
根系水力效率Root hydraulic efficiency	K_RL	10^-4 kg·MPa^-1s^-1m^-2
主枝水力效率Main shoot hydraulic efficiency	K_MSL	10^-4 kg·MPa^-1s^-1m^-2
树冠水力效率Crown hydraulic efficiency	K_CL	10^-4 kg·MPa^-1s^-1m^-2
净光合速率Net photosynthetic rate	A_net	μmol·m^-2s^-1
气孔导度Stomatal conductance	g_s	mmol·m^-2s^-1
水分利用效率Water use efficiency	WUE	μmol·mmol^-1
中午叶水势Midday leaf water potential	Ψ_md	MPa
气孔密度Stomatal density	SD	mm^-2
气孔长度Stomatal length	SL	μm
气孔面积指数Stomatal pore area index	SPI	—
地径绝对生长速率Absolute growth rate of ground diameter	AGRD	mm·d^-1
地径相对生长速率Relative growth rate of ground diameter	RGRD	10^-3 mm·mm^-1d^-1

		无性系Clone
		P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6
水力效率 Hydraulic efficiency	K_RL	1.93±0.08Bab	1.51±0.12Bb	0.83±0.08Bc	1.96±0.32Bab	0.87±0.12Bc	2.14±0.24Ba
	K_MSL	3.61±0.07Aa	2.67±0.09Abc	2.55±0.15Abc	3.00±0.21Aab	2.12±0.37Ac	2.93±0.25Aab
	K_CL	2.21±0.19Ba	1.59±0.08Bbc	1.95±0.15Bab	1.75±0.16Bb	1.30±0.02Bc	1.78±0.13Bab
气体交换与叶水势 Gas exchange and leaf potential	A_net	26.30±0.5a	25.90±0.6a	23.40±0.4b	26.30±0.2a	21.80±1.1b	23.50±0.5b
	g_s-ref	0.59±0.01a	0.50±0.02c	0.54±0.01b	0.55±0.02b	0.46±0.02c	0.54±0.01b
	WUE	56.50±1.5bc	56.90±1.8bc	59.30±1.1b	49.70±1.5c	71.20±4.7a	63.20±1.4ab
	Ψ_md	-1.13±0.12a	-1.08±0.13a	-1.32±0.10a	-1.26±0.12a	-1.13±0.13a	-1.16±0.11a
气孔特征 Stomotal characteristic	SD	446.0±20c	471.0±28bc	540.0±32ab	497.0±14abc	555.0±31a	511.0±16ab
	SL	20.7±0.2a	19.9±0.4b	20.0±0.3b	19.9±0.2b	19.2±0.3c	20.2±0.2ab
	SPI	19.8±1.0ab	17.2±1.1b	22.5±1.6ab	19.5±0.6ab	24.1±1.3a	21.7±0.7ab
生长速率 Growth rate	AGRD	0.23±0.02a	0.22±0.01ab	0.21±0.01b	0.21±0.01b	0.17±0.01c	0.20±0.01b
生长速率 Growth rate	RGRD	5.60±0.3a	5.00±0.2b	5.20±0.2ab	5.00±0.2b	4.80±0.2b	5.10±0.2ab

气孔特征 Stomotal characteristic	水力效率Hydraulic efficiency			气体交换Gas exchange			生长速率Growth rate
气孔特征 Stomotal characteristic	K_CL	K_MSL	K_RL	A_net	g_s-ref	WUE	AGRD	RGRD
SD	-0.58	-0.846^*	-0.68	-0.891^*	-0.61	0.63	-0.899^*	-0.65
SL	0.956^**	0.933^**	0.61	0.63	0.94^**	-0.55	0.82^*	0.921^**
SPI	0.09	-0.27	-0.35	-0.74	0.02	0.50	-0.56	-0.01

[1]	Minxia Ren,Tan Li,Ziheng Zhang,Yuexia Zeng,Lifeng Wang,Minsheng Yang,Junxia Liu. Effects of Transgenic BtCry1Ac and API gene in Poplar 107 on Diversity and Stability of Arthropod Community [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(4): 110-118.
[2]	Weixi Zhang,Yanbo Wang,Changjun Ding,Wenxu Zhu,Xiaohua Su. Detection of Horizontal Transfer of the Exogenous Gene in Adult Trees of Transgenic Populus alba × P. berolinensis in a Field Trial and Successive Years of Monitoring of Soil Microorganism [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(1): 52-61.
[3]	Fang Tang,Shutang Zhao,Lijuan Wang,Xueqin Song,Mengzhu Lu. Gene Expression of Secondary Vascular System Regeneration in Populus tomentosa [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(9): 52-65.
[4]	Yuequ Chen,Qingzhen Liu,Limei Li,Yang Zhang,Jiao Han,Yong'an Zhang. Screening and Identification of Antagonistic Streptomyces for Biocontrol of Poplar Canker [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(7): 92-100.
[5]	Yang Qu,Qin Guo,Tian Li,Ziyun Zhao,Haitao Yue,Jie Yang,Qiang Wang. Preparation and Characterization of Hot-Pressed Peanut Meal Based Adhesive [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(6): 144-149.
[6]	Hui Liu,Xiaoqin Wu,Jianren Ye,Dan Chen. Phosphate-Dissolving Mechanisms of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Its Colonizing Dynamics in the Mycorrhizosphere of Poplars [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(3): 90-97.
[7]	Changming Ma,Hanhan Zhang,Yu Han,Qingxing Meng,Jinsong Zhang,Yujie Ma. Error and Correction Formula of Granier's Original Formula to Calculate the Stem Sap Flux Density of Clone 107 Poplar [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(3): 161-169.
[8]	Yongdong Zhou,Junfeng Hou. Moisture State and Migration Mechanism of High Moisture Content Poplar Lumber during Platen Drying [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(9): 104-111.
[9]	Weibo Sun,Xindong Gong,Yan Zhou,Hongyan Li. Photosynthetic Characteristics of Transgenic Poplars with Maize PEPC and PPDK Gene at Young Plant Stage [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(7): 33-43.
[10]	Jingwei He,Yiying Zhang,Chengming Tian,Dianguang Xiong,Yingmei Liang. Effects of Regional Landscape Pattern on the Epidemic of Poplar Rust Disease: A Case Study of Populus alba in Yanqing, Beijing [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(4): 99-108.
[11]	Wenxin Liu,Zhicheng Chen,Yongxin Dai,Xianchong Wan. Responses of Photosynthetic Physiological Process of a Poplar with Overexpressed PIP1 Gene to Drought Stress and Rehydration [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(2): 69-78.
[12]	Tiantian Pan,Yan Li,Zhongyuan Wang,Shitong Lu,Linfeng Ye,Sen Chen,Jiangbo Xie. Relationship between the Hydraulic Function and the Anatomical Structure of Branch and Root Xylem in Three Taxodiaceae Species in Humid Area [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(12): 49-59.
[13]	Kuocheng Shen,Qianwen Chen,Mei Qi,Zijia Peng,Junfeng Fan,Zhongdong Yu. Correlation between Poplar Leaf Structure and the Resistance to Rust Infection [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(12): 75-82.
[14]	Weibo Sun,Zhaoqiong Wei,Xiaoxing Ma,Hui Wei,Qiang Zhuge. Safety Assessment of a Field Trial of Three Types of Transgenic Poplar Nanlin895 [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(10): 53-62.
[15]	Zhang Chao, Wang Jinmao, Zhao Jie, Pang Dingwei, Zhang Dejian, Yang Minsheng. Expression Characteristics of Bt Gene in Transgenic Poplar Transformed by Different Multi-Gene Vectors [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(9): 61-70.

Relationship between Hydraulic Efficiency and Gas Exchange and Growth of Six Poplar Clones

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 7

References 0

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments