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Scientia Silvae Sinicae ›› 2015, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (7): 69-83.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20150708

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Morphology, Behavior and Natural Enemies of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Homoptera: Matsucoccidae) during Development

Liu Weimin1, Xie Yingping1, Xue Jiaoliang1, Zhang Yanfeng1, Tian Fen1, Yang Qian1, Wu Jun2, Tang Xijun3, Geng Yilong4, Zhang Yingwei5, Zhao Changsheng6   

  1. 1. College of Life Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006;
    2. Jinhua Forestry Bureau, Zhejiang Province Jinhua 321000;
    3. School of Qingdao Horticulture and Forestry Technology Qingdao 266061;
    4. Qingdao Forestry Bureau, Shandong Province Qingdao 266061;
    5. Fushun Forestry Bureau, Liaoning Province Fushun 113006;
    6. Yitong Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province Siping 130700
  • Received:2014-01-28 Revised:2014-07-29 Online:2015-07-25 Published:2015-08-14

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Abstract:

[Objective] The Japanese pine bast scale, Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Matsucoccidae), is an important invasive species and a destructive pest of pine forests in China. In this paper, the occurrence time, morphological characteristics, living habits and natural enemies of M. matsumurae at different developmental stages in three climatic regions in China were investigated to provide a basis for well monitoring the development and population dynamics, and determining the most appropriate control period. [Method] Three representative climate zones associated with the distribution status of M. matsumurae in China were chosen, i.e. Jinhua in Zhejiang Province (ZJJH), Qingdao in Shandong Province (SDQD) and Fushun in Liaoning Province (LNFS). The sampling sites were set in the forests infested by M. matsumurae. Continuous surveys in the forest and microscopic examination in a laboratory were conducted from 2011 to 2013. [Result] 1) M. matsumurae reproduced two generations a year in the three climatic zones and overwintered at the 1st-instar nymph period, but their developmental durations in the three climatic zones were different. In ZJJH, the post-hibernation nymphs emerged in early March, while, the post-hibernation nymphs emerged in late April or early May in SDQD and LNFS. The populations of LNFS began to overwinter in October, but the populations of ZJJH did not overwinter until December. These differences were related to the local temperature. 2) The morphological and wax secretion characteristic of the females and males of M. matsumurae were varied at different developmental stages. Newly hatched 1st-instar nymphs possessed developed antennae and legs, but did not secret wax substance on their surface. After settling under the bark crack, the 1st-instar nymphs began to secrete white wax substances on their surface. The 2nd-instar nymphs without antennae, eyes and legs were called "pearl-shape stage". After a period of feeding in spring, the insect body became enlarged and exposed to outside of the bark. The insects with white wax secretions were easily visible and were called "patent period". The 3rd-instar nymphs possessed developed antennae and legs, and could crawl freely to search for pupation place. Then the nymphs secreted white wax filaments from the wax glands on the body surface to form wax cocoon. In the wax cocoon, the insects underwent two stages, prepupa and pupa. The male adults had a pair of antennae and compound eyes on head, and a pair of fore wings, while the hind wings degraded into poisers at thorax. There was a cluster of long wax filaments secreted from a group of columnar tubular ducts at the tergum of abdominal segment VII, and a copulatory organ at the posterior of the abdomen. The female adults were similar to the 3rd-instar nymph in morphology, but their thorax and abdomen were larger. At the initial stage, the female adults were not covered by obvious wax secretion, after mating, they secreted wax filaments to form egg sacs. 3) There were 59 species in 14 families of the predators of M. matsumurae listed in China, of which, Anthocoridae in Hemiptera, Chrysopidae in Neuroptera and Coccinellidae in Coleoptera were preponderant.[Conclusion] The present study described the developmental process and morphological changes of M. matsumurae in all instars, especially, the characteristics of the pearl-shape stage and patent period of the 2nd-instar nymphs, wax filament secretion, cocoon construction and pupation of the male 3rd-instar nymphs, eclosion, courtship and mating behavior of the male adults, egg sac formation and oviposition of the female adults. It was found that the developmental duration of each stage of M. matsumurae in the three climatic regions was different. The time for post-hibernant and overwintering varied dependent on the local temperature changes. The critical period for controlling the insect is from the emergence period of the 2nd-instar nymphs to the active period of the male 3rd-instar nymphs and the female adults. The preponderant natural enemies of M. matsumurae were lady beetles in spring, and flower bugs and lacewing flies in summer and autumn.

Key words: Matsucoccus matsumurae(Kuwana), biological characteristic, morphology and development, natural enemy, biocontrol

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