信息干预、测土配方施肥技术与经济林化肥减量——基于信息传递的视角

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20220711

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 本文系统研究了测土配方施肥技术对经济林化肥施用的影响，以及参与培训对农户测土配方施肥技术采用的影响机制与差异，旨在于探索推广测土配方施肥技术的有效方法。方法: 在理论分析的基础上，利用2018年对浙江省10县314个经济林经营户的调查数据，采用倾向匹配得分法(PSM)进行了实证分析。结果: 研究结果显示，测土配方施肥技术通过补充土壤养分信息和化肥质量信息显著减少农户化肥施用约271.65 kg·hm^-2，培训通过增加技术信息显著提高农户测土配方施肥技术采用的概率15%，但不同培训方式的效果存在显著差异。具体来看，专业培训可以显著增加农户测土配方施肥技术采用概率10%；强信任的培训主体能有效传播技术信息，但在控制主体偏好时，培训效果被弱化；“理论与实践指导”“理论自学”的培训方式均能帮助农户掌握技术信息，且在控制方式偏好时，培训仍然有效果。结论: 测土配方施肥技术可以降低经济林化肥施用量，而培训能缓解农户测土配方施肥技术采用过程中信息掌握不足的问题。在未来经济林化学品投入减量化过程中，需要兼顾技术推广以及在此过程中的信息传递，以促进绿色生产。

关键词: 信息干预, 测土配方施肥技术, 经济林, 倾向得分匹配

Abstract:

Objective: In this paper we investigated the effect of soil testing and formula fertilization technology on the application of chemical fertilizer in economic forest, and further analyzed the mechanism and different impact of farmers' training on the adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, in order to explore effective method to promote soil testing and formula fertilization technology. Method: Based on theoretical analyses, and the survey data from 314 farmers in 10 counties of Zhejiang Province in 2018, an empirical analysis was conducted with the method of Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Result: Result showed that soil testing and formula fertilization technology significantly reduced the application of chemical fertilizer about 271.65 kg·hm^-2, with the supplement of soil nutrient and chemical fertilizer quality information. The training significantly improved the adoption of soil testing and formula fertilization technology by 15%, by providing more technical information. However, the effect of training varied with different training method. For example, professional training was able to significantly increase the adoption by 10%. The training subjects with strong trust was able to effectively spread technical information, but the training effect was weakened when controlling the subject preference. Both of the training method, the guidance for theory and practice, and self-learning theory, was able to help farmers master technical information. Nevertheless, the training was still effective when taking preference into consideration. Conclusion: The soil testing and formula fertilization technology can reduce the application of chemical fertilizer, and training can relieve the problem of insufficient information during the adoption. To promote green production, we need to pay attention to technology promotion and information transmission.

Key words: information intervention, soil testing and formulated fertilization technology, economic forest, propensity score matching (PSM)

中图分类号:

S718.43

宁可, 张雪, 朱哲毅, 沈月琴. 信息干预、测土配方施肥技术与经济林化肥减量——基于信息传递的视角[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(7): 103-119.

Ke Ning, Xue Zhang, Zheyi Zhu, Yueqin Shen. Information Intervention, Soil Testing and Formulated Fertilization Technology and the Reduction of Fertilizer Application in Economic Forests——from the Perspective of Information Transmission[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(7): 103-119.

图/表 12

图1

表1

变量基本统计"

变量 Variable	变量定义 Variable definitions	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation	最小值 Min	最大值 Max
被解释变量Explained variable
测土配方施肥技术采用⁵⁾ Application of soil testing formula technology	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.13	0.34	0	1
化肥用量 Fertilizer consumption	kg·hm^-2	415.05	664.95	0	6 531.75 ⁶⁾
解释变量Explanatory variables
参与培训Training	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.56	0.50	0	1
培训内容Training content
参与复合培训 Composite training	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.06	0.24	0	1
参与专业培训 Professional training	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.50	0.50	0	1
培训方式Training method
发放资料和电视广播 Information and TV broadcast	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.16	0.36	0	1
集中授课 Intensive teaching	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.53	0.50	0	1
现场指导 live teaching	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.33	0.47	0	1
外出考察 Survey	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.07	0.26	0	1
培训主体Training subject
合作社 Cooperative	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.04	0.18	0	1
村委会 Village committee	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.10	0.30	0	1
企业 Enterprise	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.01	0.11	0	1
高校科研单位 University scientific research unit	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.07	0.26	0	1
政府 Government	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.43	0.50	0	1
重要控制变量Important control variables
培训偏好 Training preferences	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.43	0.50	0	1
培训方式偏好Training method preference
发放资料和电视广播 Information and TV broadcast	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.04	0.20	0	1
集中授课 Intensive teaching	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.20	0.40	0	1
现场指导 live teaching	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.47	0.50	0	1
外出考察 Survey	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.03	0.16	0	1
培训主体偏好
合作社 Cooperative	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.04	0.21	0	1
村委会 Village committee	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.05	0.22	0	1
企业 Enterprise	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.01	0.10	0	1
高校科研单位 University scientific research unit	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.27	0.45	0	1
政府 Government	0=否；1=是 0=no; 1=yes	0.27	0.44	0	1
经营品种 Operating varieties	1=山核桃；2=板栗；3=油茶； 4=香榧；5=雷竹；6=其他 1=Pecan; 2=Chinese chestnut; 3=Tea-oil; 4=Torreya; 5=Lei bamboo; 6=Others	2.92	1.45	1	6
经营环节 Business link	1=初果期；2=幼苗期；3=盛果期；4=衰退期 1=initial fruit period; 2=seedling period; 3=full fruit period; 4=declining period	2.52	1.10	1	4
一般控制变量General control variables
受教育程度 Education level	年Year	7.35	3.45	0	18
年龄Age	岁Year	58.61	10.25	25	86
家庭总人口 Total family population	人Person	3.93	1.57	1	10
劳动力比例 Labor ratio	%	71.12	24.81	0	100
经济林收入占比 Proportion of income from economic forests	%	79.19	38.65	0	100
家庭可支配收入 Household disposable income	万元 Ten thousand yuan	17.73	51.99	0	500
经济林总面积 Total area of economic forest	hm^-2	2.11	3.54	0.10	40.00
经济林地块数 Number of plots of economic forest	块Piece	6.22	5.35	1	38
地块坡度 Plot slope	1>=25°，2=15~25°， 3= < 15°	1.49	0.74	1	3
地块质量 Plot quality	1=好，2=中，3=差 1=good, 2=medium, 3=bad	1.60	0.75	1	3
样本量Sample size		314

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

农户接受培训及不同内容培训的logit估计及其对测土配方施肥技术采用的影响估计 ①"

变量 Variable	控制偏好Control preference			未控制偏好Uncontrolled preference
变量 Variable	参与培训 Training (n=314)	参与复合培训 Composite training (n=295)	参与专业培训 Professional training (n=314)	参与培训 Training (n=314)	参与复合培训 Composite training (n=295)	参与专业培训 Professional training (n=314)
	Part I：培训及不同内容培训Training and different content training
培训内容偏好 Training preferences	2.62^***	0.33	2.26^***
培训内容偏好 Training preferences	(0.34)	(0.75)	(0.30)
受教育年限 Years of education	0.09^*	0.03	0.09^*	0.12^***	0.03	0.12^***
受教育年限 Years of education	(0.05)	(0.10)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.10)	(0.05)
年龄 Age	0.00	-0.05	0.01	0.00	-0.04	0.01
年龄 Age	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.03)	(0.01)
家庭总人口 Total family population	-0.17^*	-0.46^**	-0.03	-0.17^*	-0.46^**	-0.07
家庭总人口 Total family population	(0.11)	(0.23)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.23)	(0.09)
劳动力比例 Labor ratio	-0.01	-0.03^**	0.00	-0.01	-0.03^**	0.00
劳动力比例 Labor ratio	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
经济林收入占比 Proportion of income from economic forests	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.01
经济林收入占比 Proportion of income from economic forests	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.00)
家庭可支配收入 Household disposable income	0.00	-0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
家庭可支配收入 Household disposable income	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
经济林总面积 Total area of economic forest	0.01^*	0.01^**	0.00	0.01^**	0.01^**	0.00
经济林总面积 Total area of economic forest	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
经济林地块数 Number of plots of economic forest	-0.01	0.03	-0.02	-0.01	0.02	-0.02
经济林地块数 Number of plots of economic forest	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.02)
地块坡度 Plot slope	0.03	-1.25^*	0.23	0.08	-1.20^*	0.24
地块坡度 Plot slope	(0.21)	(0.66)	(0.20)	(0.18)	(0.64)	(0.18)
地块质量 Plot quality	-0.13	-0.30	-0.08	-0.15	-0.31	-0.13
地块质量 Plot quality	(0.20)	(0.37)	(0.19)	(0.17)	(0.36)	(0.16)
地区虚拟变量 Regional dummy variable	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled	已控制 Controlled
	Part II：测土配方施肥技术采用Application of soil testing formula technology
参与培训	0.15^***			0.16^***
Training	(0.04)			(0.03)
参与复合培训		0.12			0.13
Composite training		(0.11)			(0.11)
参与专业培训			0.10^**			0.14^***
Professional training			(0.05)			(0.04)

表7

表8

表9

图2

表10

敏感性分析①"

变量 Variable	控制培训/偏好 Control training/preference				未控制培训/偏好 Uncontrolled training/preference
	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H
	Part I：化肥施用量Fertilizer application rate/(kg·hm^-2)
测土配方施肥技术采用 Application of soil testing formula technology	-261.9^*	-267.0^*	-275.6^**	-277.9^**	-191.4	-199.2	-207.6^*	-210.6^*
测土配方施肥技术采用 Application of soil testing formula technology	(155.4)	(148.1)	(136.1)	(131.1)	(130.2)	(126.8)	(120.6)	(117.8)
	Part II：测土配方施肥技术采用Application of soil testing formula technology
	培训及不同内容培训Training and different content training
参与培训 Training	0.15^***	0.15^***	0.15^***	0.15^***	0.16^***	0.16^***	0.16^***	0.16^***
参与培训 Training	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
参与复合培训 Other training	0.11	0.12	0.13	0.13	0.11	0.12	0.13	0.14
参与复合培训 Other training	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)
参与专业培训 Professional training	0.10^**	0.10^**	0.10^**	0.10^**	0.14^***	0.14^***	0.14^***	0.14^***
参与专业培训 Professional training	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
	不同方式培训Training in different ways
发放资料和电视广播 Information and TV broadcast	0.14^*	0.14^*	0.15^**	0.15^**	0.12^*	0.13^*	0.14^**	0.14^**
发放资料和电视广播 Information and TV broadcast	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
集中授课 Intensive teaching	-0.08	-0.07	-0.06	-0.05	0.12^***	0.12^***	0.12^***	0.12^***
集中授课 Intensive teaching	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
现场指导 live teaching	0.09	0.10^*	0.12^**	0.12^**	0.13^***	0.13^***	0.13^***	0.13^***
现场指导 live teaching	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
外出考察 Survey	0.20^*	0.20^*	0.21^*	0.22^**	0.28^**	0.28^**	0.29^**	0.30^**
外出考察 Survey	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)
	不同培训主体Different training subjects
合作社 Cooperative	0.12	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.44^***	0.44^***	0.44^***	0.44^***
合作社 Cooperative	(0.27)	(0.27)	(0.26)	(0.26)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.16)	(0.16)
村委会 Village committee	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
村委会 Village committee	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
高校科研单位 University scientific research unit	0.13	0.13	0.14	0.14	0.12	0.13	0.14	0.15
高校科研单位 University scientific research unit	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
政府 Government	-0.04	-0.03	-0.02	-0.02	0.10^**	0.10^**	0.10^**	0.10^**
政府 Government	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)

表10

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分组 Grouping	均值Mean	标准差/标准误 Standard deviation/standard error	样本量 Sample size
试验组Test group	241.50	358.95	42
对照组Control group	441.75	697.05	272
试验组和对照组的差异 The difference between the experimental group and the control group	-200.40^*	109.80

变量 Variable	分组 Grouping	均值Mean	标准差/标准误 Standard deviation/standard error	样本量 Sample size
参与培训 Training	试验组 Test group	0.22	0.03	176
	对照组 Control group	0.02	0.01	138
	试验组和对照组的差异 The difference between the experimental group and the control group	0.20^***	0.04
参与复合培训 Composite training	试验组 Test group	0.35	0.49	20
	对照组 Control group	0.12	0.32	294
	试验组和对照组的差异 The difference between the experimental group and the control group	0.23^***	0.08
参与专业培训 Professional training	试验组 Test group	0.21	0.41	156
	对照组 Control group	0.06	0.24	158
	试验组和对照组的差异 The difference between the experimental group and the control group	0.15^***	0.04

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