流苏树花形态及花香成分的时空动态变化

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20211008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 探究不同花香类型的流苏树的花形态和花香成分的差异，揭示流苏树花香成分时空动态变化规律，为进一步有效开发利用流苏树花及花香的遗传改良奠定基础。方法: 观察不同花香类型的流苏树不同花期花的形态特征，记录其盛花期时花序花量、花序总长、花枝长、花冠裂片长、宽和萼片长、宽。同时，采用顶空-固相微萃取（HS-SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术，对不同花香类型的流苏树不同花期香气成分及浓香型盛花期香气日变化进行测定分析。结果: 不同花香类型的流苏树花的形态差异主要表现在花冠裂片的颜色和形状方面，并且在盛花期时，不同花香类型的花序花量、花序总长、花枝长、花冠裂片长、宽和萼片长、宽存在显著性差异，其中浓香型的花序花量最多（49朵），花序最长，为112.67 mm，花冠裂片和萼片最大，而花枝（45.00 mm）比无香型（66.67 mm）的短，比中等香型（38.00 mm）的长，整体表现出花量大、花序长、花冠裂片大的特点。不同花香类型的流苏树在花蕾期、始花期、盛花期和末花期4个不同花期中共检测出106种花香成分，主要包括酯类、腈类、醛类、酮类、醇类、烷烃类、烯烃类、萜烯类和芳香烃类化合物。其中浓香型在4个花期中检测出的花香成分分别为0、18、45和38种，中等香型分别检测出0、7、35和19种，无香型分别检测出3、4、13和2种。在盛花期香气日变化中，浓香型流苏树共检测出86种花香成分，不同时段的花香成分差异较大，相同成分仅有17种，其中乙酸甲酯、（E）-4，8-二甲基-1，3，7-壬三烯和顺-β-法呢烯是其盛花期的主要花香成分。结论: 不同花香类型的流苏树花冠裂片颜色和形状存在明显差异，在盛花期时浓香型的花序花量、花序总长、花冠裂片长、宽和萼片长、宽的值皆为最大，而其花枝比无香型的短，比中等香型的长。浓香型花香成分种类最多，相对含量最高，其次是中等香型和无香型。花蕾期香气成分种类极少，相对含量极低，甚至为零；到始花期种类增多，相对含量增高；在盛花期花香成分种类及相对含量皆达到最大值；末花期种类减少，含量降低。浓香型盛花期整体香气含量日变化规律为先上升后下降，在14：00达到最大值。

关键词: 流苏树, 花形态, 花香成分, 顶空-固相微萃取, 气相色谱-质谱联用

Abstract:

Objective: Differences in flower morphology and flower aroma components of different aroma types of Chionanthus retusus were investigated in order to reveal the patterns of temporal and spatial dynamics of the aroma components. The study lays a foundation for further effective development and utilization of the flowers and genetic improvement of the floral aroma of C. retusus. Method: Morphological characteristics of C. retusus of different aroma types were observed and analyzed by recording the total number of flowers, the total length of inflorescence, the length of floral branches, the length and width of corolla lobes, the length and width of sepals. Meanwhile, headspace solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the aroma components of different aroma types and the diurnal variation of aroma components at full flowering stage of strong aroma type. Result: Morphological differences of flowers of different aroma types were mainly reflected in the color and shape of corolla lobes. At the full flowering stage, there were significant differences in the total number of florets, the total length of inflorescence, the length of flower branch, the length and width of corolla lobes and the length and width of sepals of different floral aroma types. Among them, the strong aroma type had the largest number(49) of flowers, the longest(112.67 mm) inflorescence, the largest corolla lobes and sepals, while its flower branches were shorter(45.00 mm) than those of the non-aroma type(66.67 mm) and longer than those of the medium aroma type(38.00 mm), displaying in general larger number of flowers, longer inflorescence and larger corolla lobes. A total of 106 aroma components, mainly including esters, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, alkanes, olefins, terpenes and aromatic hydrocarbons, were detected in different aroma types at four different flowering stages of budding, initial flowering, full flowering and final flowering. There were 0, 18, 45 and 38 aroma components detected at four flowering stages of the strong aroma type, 0, 7, 35 and 19 in the medium aroma type, and 3, 4, 13 and 2 in the non-aroma type. In the diurnal variation of floral aroma at full flowering stage, 86 aroma components were detected in the strong aroma type, and only 17 components were common at all the four stages, among which methyl acetate, (E) -4, 8-dimethyl-1, 3, 7-nonatriene, and cis-β-farnesene were the main floral components at the full flowering stage. Conclusion: There were significant differences in the color and shape of corolla lobes of Chionanthus retusus among different floral aroma types. The total number of flowers, the total length of inflorescence, the length and width of corolla lobes and the length and width of sepals of the strong aroma type were the largest at full flowering stage, while the flower branches were shorter than those of the non-aroma type and longer than those of the medium aroma type. The strong aroma type had the largest number of aroma components and the highest relative content, followed by the medium aroma type and the non-aroma type. The number of aroma components and their relative contents were very small at the budding stage, followed by an increase at the initial flowering stage, and reached the maximum at the full flowering stage, and declined again at the final flowering stage. The diurnal variation of the overall aroma content of the strong aroma type at full flowering stage displayed a pattern of first increase followed by decreases, and reaching the maximum at 14:00.

Key words: Chionanthus retusus, flower morphology, aroma component, HS-SPME, GC-MS

中图分类号:

S718.4

郭海丽,李际红,李琴,宋秀华,李雪剑,刘佳庚,王如月,侯丽丽,王锦楠. 流苏树花形态及花香成分的时空动态变化[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(10): 81-92.

Haili Guo,Jihong Li,Qin Li,Xiuhua Song,Xuejian Li,Jiageng Liu,Ruyue Wang,Lili Hou,Jinnan Wang. Flower Morphology and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Aroma Components in Chionanthus retusus[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2021, 57(10): 81-92.

图/表 7

表1

图1

表2

表3

图2

表4

浓香型‘H-1’花香成分日变化①"

编号 Number	化合物 Compounds	相对含量Relative contents (%)
编号 Number	化合物 Compounds	8:00	11:00	14:00	17:00	20:00
	酯类Esters(21)
1	乙酸甲酯Methyl acetate	38.27	32.02	22.54	35.02	30.24
2	乙酸己酯Hexyl acetate	0.89	1.48	4.10	0.92	0.18
3	乙酸庚酯Heptyl acetate	—	—	0.04	—	—
4	乙酸-2-甲基丁酯2-methylbutyl acetate	—	0.27	0.28	0.27	0.09
5	乙酸-3-甲基戊酯3-methylamyl acetate	—	0.17	0.14	0.22	—
6	乙酸-3-甲基丁酯3-methylbutyl acetate	—	0.47	0.58	0.56	0.20
7	乙酸-3-甲基-3-丁烯酯3-methyl-3-butenyl acetate	—	0.13	0.17	0.15	0.06
8	丁酸-3-甲基苯甲酯3-methylbenzyl butyrate	0.36	0.76	0.43	0.61	0.80
9	丁酸-4-己烯酯4-hexenyl butyrate	—	0.87	—	0.26	—
10	戊酸-3-甲基-2-丁烯酯3-methyl-2-butenol valerate	—	—	—	0.15	0.21
11	戊酸-4-己烯酯4-hexenyl valerate	—	—	1.32	0.06	0.16
12	顺-3-己烯-1-甲基丁酸酯cis-3-hexenyl-1-methyl butyrate	—	0.31	—	—	—
13	苯甲酸-3-甲基丁酯3-methyl-butyl benzoate	—	0.20	—	0.18	—
14	2-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯2-methylbutyric acid-2-methylbutyl ester	—	—	—	0.08	0.12
15	3, 7-二甲基-1, 6-辛二烯-3-甲酸酯 3, 7-dimethyl-1, 6-octadien-3-formate	—	—	0.54	—	—
16	(4Z)-惕各酸己酯(4Z)-hexenyl tiglate	—	—	0.09	—	—
17	(Z)-2-戊烯乙酸酯(Z)-2-pentenyl acetate	—	—	0.32	0.14	—
18	(Z)-2-己烯乙酸酯(Z)-2-hexenyl acetate	0.72	1.47	2.76	0.56	—
19	(Z)-3-己烯乙酸酯(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate	3.78	3.47	6.35	0.86	0.34
20	(Z)-3-己烯丁酸酯(Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate	—	—	0.46	—	—
21	(E)-3-己烯-2-甲基丙酸酯(E)-3-hexenyl-2-methyl propionate	—	—	1.35	—	—
	腈类Nitriles(2)
22	2-甲基丁腈2-methyl butanenitrile	1.24	0.99	0.73	1.19	1.12
23	4, 4-二甲基-3-氧戊腈4, 4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanenitrile	—	—	—	—	0.07
	醛类Aldehydes(2)
24	正丁醛Butanal	0.40	0.47	0.29	0.25	0.46
25	7, 7-二甲基双环[4.1.0]-3-庚烯-3-甲醛 7, 7-dimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]-3-heptenyl-3-carbaldehyde	—	0.14	0.14	0.07	0.19
	酮类Ketones(4)
26	3-戊酮3-pentanone	—	3.68	5.03	5.42	4.83
27	4-环己烯-3, 3-二乙基-2-戊酮 4-cyclohexene-3, 3-diethyl-2-pentanone	—	—	—	—	0.12
28	6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮6-methyl-5-heptenyl-2-one	—	0.29	0.19	—	—
29	茵陈二炔酮1-phenyl-2, 4-hexadiyn-1-one	—	—	1.40	—	—
	醇类Alcohols(8)
30	1, 5-己二烯-3-醇1, 5-hexadien-3-ol	—	—	—	0.07	—
31	2-甲基-1-丁醇2-methyl-1-butanol	0.62	0.56	0.51	0.65	0.70
32	3-甲基-1-丁醇3-methyl-1-butanol	—	0.17	0.13	0.21	0.11
33	3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇3-methyl-2-butenyl-1-ol	—	0.11	—	—	0.22
34	3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇3-methyl-3-butenyl-1-ol	—	—	0.08	—	0.09
35	4-甲基-1-戊醇4-methyl-1-pentanol	—	0.53	—	—	—
36	6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇6-methyl-5-heptenyl-2-ol	—	0.12	0.09	—	—
37	氧化芳樟醇 cis-α, α, 5-trimethyl-5-ethenyltetrahydro-2-furanmethanol	—	0.05	—	—	—
	酸类Acids (2)
38	2-庚烯酸2-heptenoic acid	—	—	—	0.11	—
39	1, 1, 3-三甲基-3-(4-羧基环己基)八氢-1H-茚-5-羧酸 1, 1, 3-trimethyl-3-(4-carboxycyclohexyl)octahydro-1H-indene-5-carboxylic acid	—	—	—	0.08	—
	烷烃类Alkanes(5)
40	辛烷Octane	—	0.16	0.16	—	—
41	十一烷Undecane	1.23	0.98	0.57	0.71	1.05
42	十二烷Dodecane	1.59	1.63	2.07	1.15	1.49
43	2, 4-二甲基庚烷2, 4-dimethyl heptane	0.23	—	—	0.24	0.18
44	2, 3, 6-三甲基庚烷2, 3, 6-trimethyl-heptane	3.93	—	—	—	—
	烯烃类Olefins(7)
45	1, 4-二甲基天青烯1, 4-dimethyl azulene	—	0.15	—	0.21	—
46	1, 3, 5-环庚三烯1, 3, 5-cycloheptatriene	0.86	0.13	—	0.13	—
47	1, 3, 5, 7-环辛四烯1, 3, 5, 7-cyclooctatetraene	—	—	1.64	—	1.18
48	3, 5-二甲基-1, 6-庚二烯3, 5-dimethyl-1, 6-heptadiene	—	0.03	—	—	—
49	2-甲酰甲基-4, 6, 6-三甲基-双环[3.1.1]-3-庚烯 2-formylmethyl-4, 6, 6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]-3-heptene	—	—	0.04	0.30	—
50	2, 6-二甲基-1-庚烯2, 6-dimethyl-1-heptene	—	—	1.27	—	—
51	(E)-4, 8-二甲基-1, 3, 7-壬三烯 (E)-4, 8-dimethyl-1, 3, 7-nonatriene	17.88	24.02	18.22	15.85	25.35
	萜烯类Terpenes(18)
52	莰烯Camphene	—	0.11	—	—	—
53	α-蒎烯α-pinene	1.30	0.14	0.14	0.09	0.13
54	α-法呢烯α-farnesene	4.06	5.18	4.59	9.73	7.31
55	β-蒎烯β-pinene	0.44	0.04	0.05	—	—
56	β-罗勒烯β-ocimene	—	0.58	1.06	1.29	0.88
57	顺-β-法呢烯cis-β-farnesene	8.02	6.61	5.87	8.41	7.25
58	顺-α-红没药烯cis-α-bisabolene	0.29	0.41	0.39	0.52	0.48
59	反-β-罗勒烯trans-β-ocimene	—	—	—	0.01	—
60	反-α-香柠檬烯trans-α-bergamotene	—	—	1.30	—	0.08
61	1-甲基-1-乙烯-2-(1-甲基乙烯)-4-(1-甲基亚乙基)-环己烷 1-methyl-1-ethenyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexane	—	—	—	0.43	—
62	2, 6-二甲基-6-(4-甲基-3-戊烯)-双环[3.1.1]-2-庚烯 2, 6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-bicyclo[3.1.1]-2-heptene	—	—	—	—	0.21
63	(Z, E)-3, 7, 11-三甲基-1, 3, 6, 10-十二碳烯 (Z, E)-3, 7, 11-trimethyl-1, 3, 6, 10-dodecene	1.59	1.47	—	2.38	2.04
64	(E)-6-甲基-2-(4-甲基-3-环己烯-1-基)-1, 5-庚二烯 (E)-6-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1, 5-heptadiene	—	0.46	0.40	0.58	0.57
65	(1S, 5S)-4-亚甲基-1-((R)-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-基)双环 [3.1.0]己烷(1S, 5S)-4-methylene-1-((R)-6-methyl-5-heptene-2-yl)bicyclo[3.1.0] hexane	0.42	1.21	—	—	—
66	(1S)-6, 6-二甲基-2-亚甲基-双环[3.1.1]庚烷 (1S)-6, 6-dimethyl-2-methylene-bicyclo[3.1.1] heptane	—	—	—	0.04	—
67	(1S)-2, 6, 6-三甲基双环[3.1.1]-2-庚烯 (1S)-2, 6, 6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]-2-heptene	—	—	0.07	—	—
68	(1R)-2, 2-二甲基-3-亚甲基-双环[2.2.1]庚烷 (1R)-2, 2-dimethyl-3-methylene-bicyclo[2.2.1] heptane	—	—	0.31	—	—
69	[S-(R^, S^)]-3-(1, 5-二甲基-4-己烯)-6-亚甲基-环己烯 [S-(R^, S^)]-3-(1, 5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene-cyclohexene	—	—	—	1.65	1.59
	芳香烃类Arenes(7)
70	甲苯Toluene	—	—	1.76	—	1.77
71	邻二甲苯O-xylene	2.68	—	—	—	—
72	芴Fluorene	—	0.13	2.91	2.35	2.23
73	苊Acenaphthene	—	0.26	0.33	—	—
74	苯并噻唑Benzothiazole	—	0.56	1.56	—	—
75	1, 2, 4-三甲苯1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene	0.20	—	—	—	—
76	1-(1, 5-二甲基-4-己烯)-4-甲苯 1-(1, 5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methylbenzene	0.67	0.49	0.46	0.49	0.37
	其他类Others(10)
77	甲氧基苯肟Methoxy-phenyl-oxime	—	0.20	0.19	—	—
78	顺-2-甲基丁醛肟cis-2-methyl-butyl aldoxime	—	1.53	1.61	1.20	0.32
79	反-2-甲基丁醛肟trans-2-methyl-butyl aldoxime	0.46	—	0.33	—	1.49
80	1-硝基戊烷1-nitro pentane	0.35	0.46	0.29	0.29	0.21
81	2-甲基-4-丙基氧杂环丁烷2-methyl-4-propyl oxetane	2.82	—	—	—	—
82	1-乙基丁基过氧化氢1-ethylbutyl-hydroperoxide	—	0.51	—	0.38	0.21
83	2-丙烯酰胺2-acrylamide	4.70	3.36	1.95	3.22	3.03
84	2-甲基呋喃2-methyl-furan	—	0.20	0.18	0.20	0.20
85	2-乙基呋喃2-ethyl-furan	—	0.26	0.04	0.06	0.07
86	10-O-(叔丁氧基)-双氢青蒿素 10-O-(t-butyloxy)-dihydroartemisinin	—	—	0.18	—	—

表4

图3

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名称 Name	花香类型 Aroma types	得分 Scores
‘H-1’	浓香型Strong aroma	9.2
‘H-2’	中等香型Medium aroma	5.8
‘W-3’	无香型No aroma	1.0

名称 Name	花序花量 Flower number of inflorescence	花序总长 Inflorescence length/mm	花枝长 Branch length/mm	花冠裂片长 Corolla lobes length/mm	花冠裂片宽 Corolla lobes width/mm	萼片长 Sepals length/mm	萼片宽 Sepals width/mm
‘H-1’	49.67±3.53 a	112.67±2.03 a	45.00±2.89 b	25.67±0.88 a	4.00±0.12 a	3.10±0.06 a	0.75±0.01 a
‘H-2’	45.67±1.33 ab	93.00±2.31 b	38.00±5.29 b	22.33±0.88 b	2.30±0.06 c	2.50±0.06 b	0.64±0.01 b
‘W-3’	40.33±1.86 b	91.00±1.73 b	66.67±6.17 a	22.00±0.58 b	3.37±0.09 b	2.17±0.07 c	0.74±0.03 a

化合物 Compounds	相对含量Relative content(%)
化合物 Compounds	‘H-1’	‘H-2’	‘W-3’
酯类Esters	18.99(13)	83.02(14)	28.32(5)
腈类Nitriles	1.18(3)	—	10.67(1)
醛类Aldehydes	1.60(5)	—	—
酮类Ketones	5.61(2)	4.27(3)	39.40(1)
醇类Alcohols	2.93(11)	0.09(2)	—
烷烃类Alkanes	1.55(3)	4.01(5)	0.03(1)
烯烃类Olefins	16.18(2)	3.17(7)	1.21(2)
萜烯类Terpenes	10.06(11)	2.24(5)	5.67(3)
芳香烃类Arenes	25.18(11)	1.69(5)	3.58(1)
其他类Others	16.71(12)	1.52(4)	11.11(3)
合计Total	100(73)	100(45)	100(17)

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