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林业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (2): 123-133.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200214

• 论文与研究报告 • 上一篇    下一篇

白鹤东部种群迁徙模式与重要中途停歇地的变化

杨秀林1,江红星1,*,邹畅林2,王永2,林宝庆3,李连山3   

  1. 1. 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所 国家林业和草原局森林保护学重点实验室 北京 100091
    2. 吉林莫莫格国家级自然保护区管理局 镇赉 132000
    3. 吉林向海国家级自然保护区管理局 通榆 137215
  • 收稿日期:2019-04-05 出版日期:2020-02-25 发布日期:2020-03-17
  • 通讯作者: 江红星
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0500404);国际鹤类基金会白鹤东部种群保护项目

Changes in Migration Pattern and Important Stopover Sites of the Eastern Population of Siberian Cranes

Xiulin Yang1,Hongxing Jiang1,*,Changlin Zou2,Yong Wang2,Baoqing Lin3,Lianshan Li3   

  1. 1. Key laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing 100091
    2. Momoge National Nature Reserve of Jilin Province Zhenlai 132000
    3. Xianghai National Nature Reserve of Jilin Province Tongyu 137215
  • Received:2019-04-05 Online:2020-02-25 Published:2020-03-17
  • Contact: Hongxing Jiang

摘要:

目的: 分析白鹤的迁徙对策与迁徙模式,甄别20年来中国境内白鹤中途停歇地的分布变化,评价不同尺度下其重要性等级,提出白鹤中途停歇地保护空缺和管理建议。方法: 利用2016-2017年10只卫星跟踪白鹤的定位数据,根据停歇天数不同将中途停歇地划分为4种类型,通过权重赋值进行综合评价,同时利用ArcGIS 10.2的空间分析功能,绘制迁徙路线图,并开展保护空缺分析。结果: 春、秋迁徙季节白鹤往返于繁殖地和越冬地之间的迁徙距离、停歇次数、停歇时长、迁徙阶段长等迁徙参数均不存在差异显著性。春、秋迁徙期共识别中国境内中途停歇地62个和104个,分别属于5停歇区域中的23处和27处停歇单元。重要中途停歇地春、秋季节仅为9个和13个,包括传统的西松嫩平原的黑龙江扎龙、吉林莫莫格和向海国家级自然保护区及其周边地区,以及华北平原的黄河三角洲。新发现的有西松嫩平原的内蒙古图牧吉保护区、辽河平原的辽宁康平卧龙湖省级自然保护区和内蒙古通辽科尔沁沙地东部湿地。重要、一般、临时中途停歇地和休整地分别有36.4%、37.5%、40.7%和72.4%位于现有保护体系之外。总之,西松嫩平原春、秋季节都是白鹤最重要的停歇地区;春季迁徙期,辽河平原次之,黄河三角洲第三;秋季迁徙期,正好相反。长江中下游平原秋季比春季重要,大兴安岭地区春季比秋季重要。结论: 白鹤春、秋迁徙均符合能量消耗最小对策,迁徙路线呈现"8"字形,中国东北西松嫩平原和辽河平原是其狭窄迁徙通道的瓶颈位置。白鹤的迁徙模式为兼性迁徙,在食物匮乏的迁徙节段上采用蹦跳式迁徙,而在食物丰富的迁徙节段上采用轻跳式迁徙。近20年来,白鹤在中国境内的重要中途停歇地分布发生了明显变化。辽河三角洲已不再是白鹤重要中途停歇地,但位于西辽河平原的科尔沁沙地东部是其新发现的重要停歇区域。为确保白鹤的迁徙安全和长久生存,建议对已建保护区的周边重要中途停歇地,依托现有保护管理机构加强监管;对湿地面积小而分散的重要停歇地,如科尔沁沙地东部湿地,建议成立保护小区;对华北平原和长江中下游平原的一些停歇地和休整地,构建跨部门和跨区域的联合保护管理机制。

关键词: 白鹤, 迁徙模式, 迁徙对策, 中途停歇地, 保护空缺

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to rank the importance of stopover sites of Siberian cranes at different spatial scales, and identify conservation gaps and propose management recommendations, based on the analysis of migration strategy and distribution pattern of Siberian cranes in the past 20 years. Methods: Using the satellite tracking data of ten Siberian Cranes in 2016 and 2017, four types of stopover sites were divided based on the different stopping days. The rank of each staging area was evaluated synthetically with the weighted assignment. The conservation gaps were identified and migratory routes were mapped using the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS 10.2. Results: There was no significant difference in migration parameters between spring and fall season, such as migration distance, staging frequency, staying duration and migration legs. A total of 62 and 104 stopover sites were screened in spring and fall seasons, belonging to 23 and 27 staging units/areas of five staging regions, respectively. Of which, only nine and 13 important stopover sites were identified in spring and fall seasons, including the known stopover sites in Zhalong, Momoge and Xianghai National Nature Reserves(NNRs) and their surrounding areas in the western Songnen Plain, and the Yellow River Delta of the North China Plain. Tumuji NNR of the western Songnen Plain, and Wolong Lake Provincial Nature Reserve and the eastern Keerqin Sandy Land of Liao River Plain were newly recognized. Important, common and temporary stopover sites and resting sites were outside the existing protection system by 36.4%, 37.5%, 40.7% and 72.4%, respectively. In general, the western Songnen Plain is the most important staging areas both in spring and fall. In spring, the Liao River Plain is the second important and the Yellow River Delta is the third important. The two staging regions are in the opposite situation in fall. The stopover sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are more important in fall than those in spring, while those in Daxing'an Mountains are the opposite. Conclusion: The migration mode of Siberian Cranes is the energy minimization strategy. The migration route likes the number '8' shape, where western Songnen Plain and Liao River Plain are located in the narrow bottleneck. The crane adopts the facultative migration, using hopping strategy in a large proportion of potential refueling sites and skipping strategy in order to bypass a poor quality stopover site. In the past 20 years, the distribution of stopover sites in China experienced a remarkable change. Liao River Delta was not the important stopover site in recent years, while the eastern wetland of Keerqin Sandy Land in Western Liao River Plain is the newly discovered important staging region. To ensure migration safety and long-term survival of Siberian Cranes, it is suggested to strengthen the supervision of the important stopover sites in the surroundings of current protected areas using the existing management institutions. For the important staging sites with small and scattered wetland area, it is recommended to establish a conservation community, such as the eastern wetland of Keerqin Sandy Land. The interdepartmental and interregional joint protection and management mechanism is proposed for temporary stopover sites and resting sites in North China Plain, and the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.

Key words: Siberian Crane, migration pattern, migration strategy, stopover sites, conservation gap

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