In this paper four new speeies of sawflies are described．All the type specimens are deposited in the insect collection of the Forest Research Institute。The Chinese Academy of Forestry．1．Acantholyda Guizhouican.sp．The black head，thorax，antennae，legs，abdominal tergites I，centre of VII，VⅢ-X，and the infuscate fore wing make this species easily recognisable from all its known oriental congeners．Host plant：Pinus armendi Franch, Holotype：♀，Guizhou Province，18·IV·1979，Fellg Xiallgtun leg．950m．2．Cephalcia Danbaica 12．Sp．The new species is very closely related to Cephalcia chuxiongica Xiao，but is easily distinguished from the latter by its pitchy black ocellar triangle，prothoracic tergum，mesonoturn and by its host plant．Host plant:Picea retroflexa Mast．And Picea balfouriana Rehd。Et Wils.Holotype：♀，Sichuan Province，Danba County．30·Ⅲ·1986，Zeng Qixiang leg．Allotype：♂same as holotype．Paratypes：4♀♀，4♂♂，same as hellotype．3. Cephalcia Yanqincnsis n.sp．Fore wihg deep infuscate with its costal cells yellowish white，vein black；hind wing irffuscate．These characters make this species easily recogllisable from all its known congeners．H010type：♀，Beijillg Municipality，Yanqing County，19·Ⅵ·1986，Li Jianguo．Paratypes：4♀♀，same as holotype.4．Cephalcia Kunyushanica n.sp．The new species is most closely related to Cephalcia yanqingensis Xiao，from which it may be distinguished by the fore wing with its apical half deep infuscate and with its basal half dark yellow; hind wing with its apical angle and outer margin infuscate，and with the rest yellow．Host plant: Pinus densiflora Sieb．Et．Zucc.♂ Holotype:♀，Shandong Province，Kunyushan，21·Ⅵ·1983，Li Guangwu leg．Paratypes：2♀♀，locality same as holotype，7·Ⅵ·1973，Nankai University leg．

The present paper deals with a new species and a new record of Argidae．The type specimen is deposited in the Institute of Zoology，Academia Sinica．1.Arge wolongensis Zhou n．Sp．The new-species reserubles Arge mali Takahashi，but it is distingushed from the latter in the following points：the ist and 2nd joints of the antennae pallide-flavens，the front femura yellow brown，the base of the middle tibiae and the hind tibiae black brown,the middle and the hind tarsi yellow brown，lancet as shown in figs．2，3．Holotype:♀，Sichuan: Wenehuan，2500，6．Ⅷ．1983 Cai Huaicheng leg．2．Arge coerulescens Geoffr．New record Host plant: Rubus L．Distribution：China(Yunnan: Weixi，2590m．)，USSR，Kurea，Japan．

In the present paper，a new species of the genus Goniozus，a parasite of clearwing moth (Lepidoptera，Sesiidae)，is described．Goniozus sinicus n．Sp.Female(alate):Length 3.3mm；fore wing 2.1mm．First 4 antennal segments in a ra rio of about 15:7:6:6．Head almost square；WF 1.2x HE,OOL 1.83x WOT．Black，shining; mandibles reddsih brown；antennae，trochanters，tibiae and tarsi yellow to brownish yellow；coxae and femora pitchy；claws dark brown．Wings hyaline，prostigma and Stigma brown，veins yellowish white．Mandibles with 3 apical teeth distinctly．Posterior ocelli nearly touching vertex crest．The tergum of propodeum with a V-Shaped median carina Head，thorax and propodeum coriaceous from which pronotum is somewhat smoother and there is some fine longitudinal lines on propleura；abdomen smooth．(figs．1-4) Male(alate): Length 2.5mm；fore wing 1.7mm．First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of about 13:6:5:5．LH O.95x WH； WF 1.14x HE；OOL 2.42x WOT．The coloration and structures of the body similar to the female．Host:Synanthedon castanevora Yang et Wang Holotype：♀，Qianxi County of Hebei Prov.，10 V 1986，Liu Huiying leg；Allotype：♂，same data as for holotype；Paratypes：7♀♀，same data as for holotype．All the types are deposited in the Insect Collections of the Forest Research Institute，the Chinese Academv of Forestry，Beijing，China．The new species resembles G．Japonicus Ashmead in most particulars，but differs from the latter in nO fine longitudinal line s on the sides of propodeum and diffe rent ratios of the head．

Kuburagia ensigallis Tsai et Tang lives on the leaflets of Rhus punjatensis Var．Sinica Rehd．And Wils．And Rhus potannini Maxim．Galls caused by the aphid are one of the fine varieties of gall nut in China．The aphid distributes in the southwestern． Central and southern regions of China．In this study，4 species of winter hosts and the generations and life cycle of the aphid were determined．According to the generations and quantity of the aphid in gall and the formation and growth process of gall nuts，the stage in gall was divided into 4 phases．The occourrence time of all generations and the appearance and mature time of gall nuts are earlier at lower elevations than at higher elevations． The growth and development of gall nuts and the aphid in gall are faster at lower elevations than at higher elevations．A regression analysis was made of the emergence of spring-form winged viviparous female and the observed value of microclimate in forest．For the emergence of the migrant，the initial temperature is 7.1℃ and relative humidity is<90％．The productions of gall nuts are relatively high in environments where the temperature in spring is relatively high，the humidity is relatively low and the natural distribution quantity of winter hosts is large．This species of aphid has many species of winter hosts that differ from one another in ecology．This is an important reason for the aphid to distribute widely．The production technique of this kind of gall nut may be summarized as“properly choicing sited，planting trees for protection of moss，and reserving seed Stock to breed”，among which the choice of natural environments with a conceiltrated distribution of winter hosts as the breeding sites of the aphid is the key to the production of gall nuts．

Polistes (Megapostes) rothneyi grahami van der Vecht is one Species of social wasps which occurs in abundance and is distributed over a large area of China．The wasps has three generations per year．The overwintered adult begins to build new nests and lay eggs in spring．Its first generation appears in June，the second one in July and third one in August．The development of the wasp and pine caterpillar can be found concurrently．The period between mid-August and the beginning of September is the best to control the caterpillar，because there are a lot of third to fifth-instar pine caterpillars．According to observations，It was found that applying the wasp to control first to second-instar or seventh to eighth-instar caterpillars is not effective．Finally their attack patterns have been Studied by releasing differellt numbers of nests of the wasp on Miyun Reservior Tree Farm．

The masson pine Pinus massoniana in the Sartshiliuqu Forest Farm is frequently and severely infested by the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus．The pest has three-four generations a year，chiefly three generations．The outbreak of the pest has taken place every two years since 1970s．For the last 12 years，after closing the masson pine forest，the forest has the ability to Stalld severe infes rations，while the masson pine forest of the eighbourhood was seriously damaged．It is proved that the closed forest has the advantages for less investment and good results in the control of the pest．As a result of closing the forest，the species of the undergrowth increase and the coverage rises．The community of the masson pine forest is then fundamentally changed．Moreover，the nature enemies，both species and populations of the masson pine eaterpillar apparently increase in the closed forest compared with the unclosed one．Thus closing the forest can improved the self-regaintion and natural control functions of the masson pine forest and obviously restrain the massion pine caterpillar rampaging．To close the forest，is therefor，the basic measure for the control of the pest．The 1000 ha．masson pine forest has been closed for 12 years，the outbreak of the pest does not occurr；thus。The control COSt has been cut down，the growing Stook has increased．

Lobesia incystata Liu et Yang is described as new to science．It is allied to Lobesia reliquana (Hubner)，but differs from L．Reliquana by the following characters: with two close thin transverse strigulae across the middle of the basal patch of forewing；the soeius of male gnitalia with a group of minute bristles；the cucullus broad and shott，not more than 1/3 of the whole valva in length；the Spc₂ of saceulus close to Spcl and separated into two lines along the bottom margin of the sacculus．Holotype:♂，Allotype:♀，Paratypes:20♂♂，20♀♀，Anning，Yunnan， 1900m，25．IX．1984，collected by Yang Guang．Holotype，Allotype，Paratypes 10♂♂，10♀♀are deposited in Institute of zoology。Academia Sinica and the others are deposited in the Biological Department of Yunnan University．Host:Keteleeria evelyniana Mast．Distribution:Kunming，Anning，Tonghai，Huaning，Yuxi，Lufeng，in Yunnan Province．This new species is a monophagous insect，feeding on the buds of the native economic tree of Yunnan Province．Keteleeria evelyniana and causing severe damage to the nursery stocks and young trees of the host．It has three or four generations a year in Kunming．The threshold for development and the effective thermal summation of a generation are 9.9℃and 612.2 day-degree．As mentioned in this paper，the details of the morphology，bionomics，six parasitic insects and control measures of pest are given．

A special investigative method in this paper called "trace investigation" was used to make life tables of natural populations of the small poplar borer Saperda papulnea L. in 3 types of forests, for 5 generations(1981-1985) It is time-saving，inexpensive，more precise and less tree-destructive to use this method to get the life tables．Moreover，the calculation is simple and easy．This new method through studying the borer’s biological and ecological characteristics was developed．By analyzing the life tables．Three conclusions could be made：(1)The borer eating the phloem around the twigs(1st period larva) had a higher mortality．Therefore this period was the weak link of its life cycle and the intestated control at this period should be strengthened．(2)The key factors influencing the population’s alternations were： In highly-productive man-made forests it was the squeezing af the first period larva and woodpecker’s pecking of the second period larva; In generally productive man-made forests，It was the desiccation of the first period larva； In low-productive forests，it was the Parasite of several ichneumon wasps and microbial pathogens． Strengthening these factor’s effects was the effective step to control the natural population of Saperda papulnea L．(3)The key factors’lethal ability had no relation to the population’s density． On the above basis the formula of forecast was set． NA=N₁×P_l×P₂×P₃×P₄. NA=Number of adults N₁=Number of total eggs P_l=Ratio of eggs’Stlrcicing． P₂=Ratio of 1St period larvas’surviving．P₃=Ratio of 2th period larvas’surviving． P₄=Ratio of pupas’surviving．The optlmum formula in different forests are： In highly productive forests， lgNA=0.95266·IgN₁P_lP₂P₃+0.506 In general productive forests,lgNA=1.1905·lgN₁P_lP₂P₃-0.398 In low Produetire forests．1gNA=1.1543·lgN₁P_lP₂P₃-0.3385

The relationship between damage degree and yield reduetion of Small poplar borer was studied in Yanbei of Shanxi Province．The results Show that high growth of poplar tree is reduced by 17％ because of top damaged．The percentage of top damaged in forest can be determined by the borer nutuber per twig and the wood volume losses is estimated by the gall number per twig．The economic threShold for the Small poplar borer iS established respectively on the basis of high growth reduction and wood volume losses in poplar plantation．According to the benefit cost analysis，the economic threshold for high growth reduction and wood volume losses is respectively，9，16，23，30，39，47，57 borer per tree and 19，32，49，66，84，103，123 gall per tree for 2-8 years poplar plantation．

The parasitism of natural enemy of pests is subject to the influence of natural factors，specially in the different forest ecological environoments．The luring experiments using eggs of tussah indicated：(a)in the pure masson-pine forest and mixed broadleaf-conifer forest population number of Trichogramma dendrolimi and Amblymerus tabatae were more prolific，but Anastatus sp．was very 10w；(b)in the mixed hardwood forest population number of Anastatus sp．was considerable，but Trichogramma dendroBmi and Arablymerus tabatae were very r are．Moreover，climatic factor had vast effect 0n natural enemy．Anastatus sp．had a adaptbility to climatic factot and fluctuations of population tended upward throughout the year．Trichogramma dendrolimi usually varied with climate and number of population octasionally declined to zero in the high temperature and xeric summer.In early spring Trichogramma wasp was sharply influenced by low temperature or rain．The more complex phytocenose compose the more abundant natural enemy community．Hence it may be realized that outbreak of pests can be controled by Stressing forestry management practice．

There are two methods of Studying spatial distribution patterns for insect population．They are：the method of frenquency distribution and index of distribution patterns．We suggest a new method in this paper，I.e. correlation coefficient method．It’s more simple than other two methods and has a wider-range of application．As a result of practice of the method for egg-masses and cocoons of the pine caterpillar(Dendrolimus punctatus Walker)，cocoons distribution fits to the geometric distribution and the Weibull distribution．While r is higher in the geometric distribution than in the Weibull distribution．The egg-masses distribution fits to the Poisson and geometric distribution and r is higher in the geometric distribution than in the poisson distribution．In conclusion，the probability distribution of both egg-masses and cocoons of the pine caterpillar fits to the geometric distribution quite well．

Elm wood moth，Holcocerus vicarius Walker，bores through and harms the root and trunk of the broadleaf tree．It harms mainly Elm，Locust，Oak and Willow etc．In Shandong．In the field，the adult has one generation two years．If it is acquried by making use of half artificial compound fodder in the room，it has mainly one generation two years and one generation four years and one generation per or three years too．The adult appears in middle May．Under the lamp,there are two heights in June and August．The adult moves at night and its moving heights is at half past twenty-two to twenty-four hours．It has phototaxis and．Can be induced by moth-killing lamp of black light or illumination．The time of adult mating is very short．It needs usually sevetal minutes to ten or more．The larval period includes ten to twenty-three instars，majority more than fifteen．Before five instars，it harms trunk then diver to the neck of root．The middle-aged larva has very hunger-resistant and lifetime without taking food comes up to 113-447 days．

This article is based on the wetk done in 1982-1984 on the western slop of the northern section of Ailao Mountain (the Taizhong district of Jingdong County，Yunnan province，24°32′N & 101°01′E)．The aim is to compare the effects of different intensity lumbring on the changes of the Hemipterous insects in the forest of Pinus keisya uar．Langbianensis and P．Yunnanensis，which present 3 types(the plants:1.are kept well；2．Are lumbring terribly and 3.are lumbring completely) in 6 plots．The results are as follows:1．Among the 380 heads of Hemipterous collected in the 6 insects plots mentioned above in 1982-1983，there are 15 families，51 genus，64 species of which 13 families，32 genus and 36 species collected in the forest of Pinus keisya var．langbianensis and 15 families，37 genus，46 species of P．Yunnanensis．2．The increasing of felling trees decreases the families，genus，species，diversity，richness，evenness and individual number of Hemipterous inseets．3．According to the relative and regression analysis．The P．Keisya var．langbianensis r=0.9916，P.yunnanensis r=0.9933，Y_(shi)=0.3910X_(shi)- 4.3670,Y_(yun)=0.4655X_(yun)-3.9492．This showed that there was a relationship between the richness of plant and that of Hemiptera，and that protection of forest coverage is very important．4．The structure and space structure of the plant communities are two important factors which influence and decide the population，diversity,richness，evenness and variation of the．Individual number of insects．The various degree of lumbring destroyed directly these two structure leading to a redistribution of the community and population structure and changes in number and species，and through the web and chain of food indirectly affected the whole community of insects evell breaking down the natural ecological equilibrium．

Leptocimbex gracilenta(Mocsary) is an injuriuos pest destructive to Acer palmatum Thunb．And other trees．In Lushart it has one generation a year and overwinter as prepupa in cocoons in debris and soil．Pupation takes place in the last decade of May the following year．Emergence begins in the last decade of June．Oviposition occurs early in July，and damage beginsin the first decade of the month．In the last decade of August the mature larvae creep down the trunks to make cocoons．The occurrence of the pest iS related to the tree Species and the precipitation of May．As a means of control phoxim may be used during the peak of larvae occurrence，and the effect may reach a mortality of over 95％．More over，the removal of debris and weeds，together with the proper selectin of tree species，may also bring about good control．

Eight methods and seven indices of aggregation were reviewed and compared with their applications in the study of the distribution Patterns of the larvae of Anomala suleipenis Polol in forest．Ail indices indicate that distribution of the larvae were of an aggregated pattern，and the distribution can be represented by Neyman’s．The results of five sampling methods show that the method of parailed lines is the best．

The bionomics and contr01 measures of Lecanium kuwanai Kanda., seriously damaged Japan pagodutree，Siberia elm and other tree in northwest China，are reported in this paper．It Occurs one generation a year，overwinters usually as 2 year old nymph under barks and sucks exudate from barks or leaves．7 species of natural enemies were found．Control measures such as using 1：0．5：1500(Dimethoate：DDVP：water) at the time of nymph emerging，replanting mixed forests instead of pure forests and protecting and appling natural enemies are proposed．

Larch casebearer(C．Dahurica)is a serious pest of larches(Larix spp)in nor rheastern China．The number of needles infested and fed by a casebearer larva in．Different instars were determined．The pest has four-instars in larvae stage and overwinters as a 3rd-instr larva (a few as a 2nd-instar)．The average number of needles infested were 4—7，by a larva at the instar of 1-3 in summer and fall and 39.7 by a last-instar larva in spring，with a max．Of 48.5．The length and weight of ne-dles fed by the insect in 24 hours were measured on sixteen full-grown larvae．On the average，3.88 needles were infested by a full-grown larva，the fed length was 24.13mm，41.18％of total infested needles，and the fed weight was 6.65mg，3.22 times heavier than the larva’s weight and 55.74％of the total weight of the infested needles．It was found that the fourth-instar larvae and the pupae of larch casebearer were attacked by its parasites and no larvae in their 1-3 instar were Parasitized．To protect parasites．The chemicals to eontrol the pest should be applied in summer or fall．

The willow longhorn beetle is a wood-boring insect．It attacks Salix simonil Carr.，S．Microstachya Turcz.，S．Matsudana Koidz．And Robinia pseudoacacia L．Etc．Two years are required for this insect to complete one generation in Shanxi．The larvae pass the winter in tunnels．Pupation occurs during the last week of May．The beetles emerge in the middle of June，but the peak is on the early of July．The females deposit their eggs in small niches at bases of trunks．The young larvae appear during the last of June and overwinter at the last of October．The effective control measures for this pestare；bury the base of trunk by sand in order to control the beetles to emerge；inject insecticide to the base of trunk to kill the larvae；gather beetles by hand．

In 1983-1985 the ecology of breeding of azure-Winged magpie was studied in Xiao Xinganling mountain．Azure-winged magpie in group with 20-30 migrated to the edge of forest and mated in 1ate Mareh．Nested on branches of a conifer tree in late ApriI．The distance between two nests was 7.5-143m(n=26)．A nest was done usually in 5—7 days．All nests were over the ground at less than 1.5m exempt two．Eggs were laid in early to mid May with 6—10 eggs per brood．Sixteen to seventeen days were needed to brood．The nestlings left their nest in 15—16 days after hatching．But the period of parents care．Sueh as feeding was not stoped until the nestling was as big as their parents． At breeding season，male parent protected the home range against natural enemy and sometimes even rushed at the petson who had been close to its nest．The other task of the male was to feed the nestling and his spouse when she was hatching her eggs and warming her nestling．