Based on combined data of a field survey and Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images, we studied effects of six topographic correction models, including Teillet-regression, Cosine, C, SCS, SCS+C, and Minnaert, on aboveground forest biomass estimation of Phyllostachys praecox. Results showed: Except for Cosine and SCS correction methods, the rest four methods provided satisfactory correction results; Six topographic correction methods all improved correlations between TM data (TM4 and TM5) and aboveground biomass, as well as the correlations between aboveground biomass and three vegetation indices (RVI,NDVI and SAVI);Compared to the original image, the calibrated images by using the six correction methods improved to a certain degree biomass estimation performance, in particular, the Teillet correction method provided the highest accuracy, the correlation coefficient increased from 0.441 to 0.687 and the RMSE decreased by around 17%; Although Cosine correction method much improved the correlation coefficients between TM data (TM4 and TM5) and aboveground biomass, the Cosine-based correction result had lower estimation accuracy than the Teillet-based correction method did due to overcorrection with the Cosine-based method;Although the calibration methods improved the correlations between vegetation indices and Phyllostachys praecox aboveground biomass, the five vegetation indices were not selected as variables used in the models, this is probably due to the high density of Phyllostachys praecox.

Forest naturalness is a criterion to forest management, recovery and rebuilding. The simple and practical evaluation method and the comprehensive, easy operation and standard indicator system are the basis of forest naturalness quantitative evaluation. In order to study the forest naturalness quantitative evaluation method, this paper put forward a method based on the stand state by AHP and entropy weight method from 5 aspects of stand tree species composition, stand structure, tree species diversity, stands vigor and human disturbance degree, including 14 indicators,such as tree species number composition, tree species basal area composition, diameter structure, trees distribution pattern, tree species segregation, dominance index of climax species, forest layers structure, tree species diversity index, tree species evenness index, stand regeneration, stand crown density, cutting intensity and quantity and the dead trees quantity, and so on. Eight typical forest types were selected as example in Xiaolong Mountain, and the forest naturalness was evaluated with the fixed plot and sample survey data by combining the method of AHP and entropy weight method. The evaluation result was in an order of little disturbance Quercus aliena natural forest (0.839) ＞clear cutting natural recovery Quercus aliena natural forest (0.752)＞selective cutting natural recovery Quercus aliena natural forest (0.646) ＞zonal cutting shrub planting Pinus armandii (0.546)＞zonal cutting shrub planting Pinus tabulaeformis (0.484) ＞overall cutting shrub planting Pinus armandii (0.483)＞overall cutting shrub planting Pinus tabulaeformis (0.459) ＞overall cutting shrub planting Larix kaempferi (0.317).

The three 27-years old plantations, mixed stand of Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis hystrix (MCP), pure stand of Pinus massoniana stand (PPS) and pure stand of Castanopsis hystrix stand (PCS), were investigated in the Experimental Centre of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry which located in Pingxiang County of Guangxi. By harvesting and measuring the average diameter of trees collected from the above three stands, we established a group of allometric growth equations to estimate their allocation patterns of biomass and net productivity. The results showed that the total biomass for PCS, MCP and PPS were 94.797, 212.435 and 155.638 t ·hm^-2, respectively, and the tree layer accounted for more than 95% of the total biomass. The biomass of other layers was in the order as : litters (0.56％~3.26％) > herbs (0.24％~0.85％)> shrubs (0.25％~0.37％). For the biomass of tree layer in the three stands, allocation to stems was the greatest, ranged from 49.31％ to 62.25％, followed by roots (17.16％), branches (11.76％), bark (6.84％), and then leaves (1.99％), for PCS; but for PPS and MCP, the order was branches(18.39％~19.98％)>roots(14.48％~17.72％)> leaves(5.55％~8.80％)>barks(4.19％~5.57％). The net productivity in the studied plantations was in the following order: PCS(3.369 t ·hm^-2a^-1)-2a^-1)-2a^-1).

In order to optimize the tourism resource deployment and improve the efficiency of Forest Parks in China, the present efficiency of the forest parks were studied with data collected from 2003 to 2008 by using the DEA method. Technology efficiency, pure technology efficiency, scale efficiency and Malmquist TFP were measured. The efficiency and TFP were compared among 31 provinces and among east, center and west region. The results showed that Shanghai and Zhejiang had the highest efficiency, Guizhou and Shanxi had the highest TFP increase rate among 31 provinces; As for the three areas, the east region had the best efficiency, while center region had the highest TFP increase rate. In the end, the reasons influencing efficiency were discussed from those respects, such as resource inputs, tourism attraction, and economic development level. Some suggestions of improving efficiency were also put forward including increasing financial support to central and west region, giving technology guidance and staff training.

Based on high resolution remote sensing data as the main information source,the geographic information system (GIS) and landscape structure software (Fragstats 3.3)were used to analyze landscape patterns of the urban spatial structure in Yinzhou district of Ningbo in terms of the fundamentals of landscape ecology in this paper. According to the character of Yinzhou district of Ningbo's urban structure, the urban landscape was assorted into eight types. This paper investigated landscape composition, spatial attribute, and spatial relations of the landscape types, and also studied the ecological impacting scale of green landscape with the aid of GIS. The result shows that among three subdistricts in Yinzhou district, the public construction and agriculture landscape of Shounan subdistrict have the highest area percentage, and the spatial pattern basically suits to the urban function as administrative center of Yinzhou district, with relatively higher ecological environment. The industry landscape of Zhonggongmiao subdistrict is relatively complex and has a higher degree of landscape fragmentation. The industrial restructuring and transformation of the old urban facility would be the effective measures to enhance the quality of the environment. The residential landscape in Zhonghe block has the largest area,with relatively complex landscape, and the population density in this subdistrict is highest. However, there is relatively small proportion of soft landscape, and a lower level in urban ecological construction, therefore it is necessary to strengthen the construction of soft landscape and increase the proportion of urban green space.

Wood formation is unique biological process in woody plants. However, Arabidopsis thaliana can also develop certain amount of "wood tissues" under the appropriate induced conditions. Since its rich online genetic resources and information are available, A. thaliana could serve as a model used to study wood formation. Using the previously established platform of regeneration of secondary vascular system in poplar, gene expression profiles were analyzed through the Arabidopsis cDNA microarray. One hundred and forty-nine genes showed transcript-level differences at the different regeneration stages. Eighty-nine genes, including transcriptional factors and function unknown genes, were selected as candidates for investigating Arabidopsis mutants under the induced secondary growth condition to check their morphology and structure. The results showed that 20 mutants had low germination or survival rates, while 10 mutants had various morphological and anatomical changes caused through the inhibition of the secondary vascular development in these mutants. These changes suggested that these genes would be involved in the regulation of secondary growth in A. thaliana . In this study, woody and herbaceous plants experimental systems were combined to preliminarily study the gene functions related to wood formation by referring to the secondary growth in A. thaliana. This study would provide a feasible and effective, rapid analysis method to screen genes related to wood formation.

WUSCHEL is plant stem cell organizer gene, and its expression determines stem cell formation and morphogenesis during plant development. We cloned its homologue gene from protocorm-like body in Rosa canina, and named it as RaWUS gene through homology comparison of amino acid sequences alignment and phylogenetic analysis. A chemical inducible expression vector was constructed under XVE system. Under the system, overexpression of RaWUS gene was able to induce adventitious shoots from root tips of transgenic tobacco, and microobservation results showed that spherical meristem stem cell mass was produced in cortex in the root. Our research result suggests overexpression of RaWUS gene can transform parenchymatous cell into meristematic stem cell and induce shoot stem cell activity and development plasticity in the root.

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of light intensity on growth and physiological characteristics of potted Cyclobalanopsis glauca container seedlings. The results showed that the basal diameter, biomass, quality index of the seedlings varied significantly in different light regime, and these morphological parameters changed from high to low with an increase in light intensity from full sunlight to 5% of sunlight. Chla/ Chlb, Car / Chl, root weight ratio were increased with increasing of light intensity, while the contents of Chla, Chlb and Car, specific leaf area, and leaf weight ratio were decreased. Quantum efficiency of electron transport (Ф_PSII) and photochemical quenching (q_P) in leaves of C. glauca significantly decreased with light intensity, with mean values of Ф_PSII and q_P values changed from 0.701 to 0.131 and from 0.925 to 0.238, respectively. Shading treatment also decreased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), with the mean values changing from 2.54 to 0.16 with the decrease in light intensity from full sunlight to 5% of sunlight .With an increase in light intensity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content of C. glauca was decreased, but free proline (Pro) content was increased. These results indicated that the C. glauca seedlings would have an excellent shade tolerance, though it is a photophilous tree species.

The electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) parameters and relative electrolyte leakage leaves and stems of of Chinese Fringetree ( Chionanthus retusus ) leaves and stems under NaCl stress (0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%) (water as the control) were measured. The validity of EIS parameters was testified by comparing the relation ship between these parameters and relative electrolyte leakage. The results showed that: 1) With the increasing in concentration of NaCl, the relative electrolyte leakage of the leaves increased gradually or increased firstly and then decreased. However the stems did not obvious responses of the leakage to salt stresses. With increasing duration of the stress, the relative electrolyte leakage of leaves and stems all increased gradually or increased firstly and then decreased. The salt resistance of stems was higher than that of leaves. 2) Specific high-frequency resistance r , intracellular resistance r_iand relaxation time τ of leaves and stems decreased gradually or increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing NaCl concentration. The EIS parameters in each treatment gradually decline with the treatment time and reached to the salt the lowest level in 15 days NaCl. The correlation analysis indicated that C. retusus was sensitive to the salt stress over 0.8% and EIS parameters could effectively reflect the extent of C. retusus stressed by NaCl. Specific intracellular resistance r_iand high-frequency resistance r could characterize the resistant to salt of C. retusus leaves, and r_i and relaxation time τ could characterize the resistant to salt of the stems. According to a path coefficient of EIS parameters, r_iwas the best parameter for evaluating the NaCl stress of leaves and stems in C. retusus.

Soil nematodes play an important role in carbon flow and nutrient cycles in forest ecosystems. In this paper, we investigated total nematodes and dynamics of the different trophic groups with seasons and soil depths, and analyzed their relationship with soil temperature, moisture and pH in ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) and larch (Larix gmelinii) plantations during 2007 and 2008. The soil nematodes were collected from soil with Sieving-centrifugation-flotation method. The results showed that: 1) the density of total nematodes in ash plantation was significantly higher than that in larch, averaged 1 079 ind. ·100 g^-1 dry soil in ash, and 394 ind. ·100 g^-1 dry soil in larch, respectively. Based on trophic groups classification, the majority of soil nematodes in two plantations was Plant-feeding nematodes (PF), the second-highest was Bacterivores (BA) and the minimum was Omnivores-Predators (OM-PR) and Fungivores (FF); 2) the densities of total nematodes and trophic groups were significantly higher in topsoil than that in deep soil across two-years investigation; 3) in the two years, the maximum population of total nematodes and trophic groups both occurred in autumn (October) in both plantations, while the minimum was in summer and spring; 4) total nematode densities were significantly and negatively correlated with soil moisture and pH, but positively with soil temperature in spring and summer. Overall, 46% (ash) and 49% (Larch) variations of total nematode density were able to be interpreted by combination of these soil factors. These results are important for understanding the relationships between soil nematodes and environmental factors in ash and larch plantations.

A biocontrol program was carried out by releasing the parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) of the longhorn beetle Batocera horsfieldi (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an important stem-borer of ashes (Fraxinus velutina) in shandong, the Huanghe Yellow River Delta in the present study. Adults and eggs of D. helophoroides were released in fields in eight plots in Dongying and Binzhou City. Control effect was evaluated by two investigation indexes, i.e. , infested trees and the longhorn beetle larvae density. The biocontrol results showed that releasing eggs and adults of the parasitoid were able to effectively control B. horsfieldi. After the release of the parasitoid for two years, in the five plots of release the parasitoid eggs, the mean correction reducing rate of the longhorn beetle larvae was 73.16% per tree, and the mean correction reducing rate of infested trees was 72.36%. In three plots of releasing the parasitoid adults, mean correction reducing rate of the longhorn beetle larvae was 77.20% per tree, and the mean correction reducing rate of infested trees was 69.68%. It was showed that the control results by releasing adults of the parasitoid were a little better than releasing eggs, but the difference was not significant. Thus, the technique of releasing eggs of the parasitoid would be worth extending in the large area control of the pest for low cost of its eggs in mass rearing.

In order to investigate the mechanism of acaricidal activity of Mentha piperita extracts against Tetranychus cinnabarinus, adult spider mites were treated with 2 mg ·mL^-1 eluted fraction V of M. piperita extracts in vitro, and the resulting acaricidal symptom and ultrastructure were observed. Furthermore, the enzyme activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO), glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs), acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and proteinase in the treated mites was examined. The results illustrated that the toxic symptom of the treated mites experienced four different phases, namely quiescence, activity, convulsion and death. The ultrastructural observation by the electronic microscope indicated that the control had an intact subcellular structure, while the treated mites were severely damaged and their subcellular structure was hardly identified. The enzyme activities of spider mites varied after being treated with M. piperita extracts. MAO activity was boosted up, especially at the 12^th and 24^th h after treatment (P<0.05). The GSTs activity was intrigued after treatment and exhibited an increasing trend during 4-24 h,suggesting that the poisonous component accumulated in T. cinnabarinus and mobilized GSTs for the detoxification. Meantime, the AchE and proteinase activity were inhibited by M. piperita extracts. It suggested that the transfer of nerve impulse was possibly interdicted and the digestive system was maladjustedd.

The pine wood nematode is a plant parasitic nematode that causes devastating pine-wilt disease. Previous studies have indicated a high degree of genetic heterogeneity between isolates and within isolate. To increase homozygosity, the pine wood nematode was inbred by sibling matings at each generation for 20 generations. Total of 80 inbred lines which from 3 parents of virulent isolate AMA3 were created. The virulence potential of inbred lines in different generation was estimated by inoculation test using susceptible Pinus thunbergii seedlings and then by comparing the resulting host mortality with the original nematode isolate. As a result, the successive inbreeding did not significantly changed the virulence, and inbred lines in 6,10,15 and 20 generation were the same in virulence compared to the original isolates.

In order to evaluate the health function of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from branch and leaf of Platycladus orientalis, effects of the volatile on ICR mice spontaneous behavior were examined for successive 6 days. Using an open-field test the changes of mice behavior indicators were observed under environments with different concentrations of volatile matter. The results were as follows: 1)The total moving distance of treatment group was greater than that of the control group in the open field, and the distance was positively correlated with the concentration of volatile compounds, which demonstrated that P. orientalis volatile stimulated mice. 2) The three indicators, including central grid distance, the central cell exercise time and frequency of standing, presented a stage change. The inquiry ability of treatment group was bigger than the control group at the adaptation stage, however the differences were not significant during the familiar environment stage. Nevertheless, reduction of the indicator values in treatment group was greater than that of the control group, which indicated that P. orientalis volatile played a beneficial role in increasing cognitive and memory abilities of mice. 3)Treatment groups and control group had the same changes in body weight, but the fecal grains of treatment group were always less than the control group, indicating that the P. orientalis volatile odor environment had no influence on mice' appetites, and mice were relatively relaxed with the volatile matter.

Forest fuel is burning elements of forest fire, and the various species have different combustibility. In this study we measured the moisture content, caloric values, ash content and extractives content of 9 main woody species in the central part of Tianshan Mountains. The variation characteristics of fuel index of different woody species were evaluated by the integrative evaluation system with multivariate statistical methods and combustible indicators. The result showed that Sabina saltuaria > Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica > Berberis heteropoda > Crataegus pinnatifida > Lonicera tatarica > Populus tremula > Salix depressa > Sorbus tianschanica > Rosa platyacantha. Therefore, this study would provide a basis for forest fire occurrence prediction, forest fire action prediction, extinguishing direct, forestation firing, biology fireproofing and so on.

Forest land with obvious open space was selected as modeling sample plot. The single-and multiple-echo airborne LiDAR data of the sample plot were obtained and analyzed in terms of three-dimensional coordinates distribution,reflection intensity distribution and vertical distribution. The forest digital elevation model (DEM) extraction method was developed using discriminant analysis. A closed forest with a large number of control points was selected for model validation. A total of 1 472 control points were measured. Results showed that it is feasible to extract DEM in the complex environment of the mountain forest using discriminant analysis method with variance of 0.05.Its accuracy can reach mean elevation difference 0.24 m. Data with elevation difference between -0.5 m and 0.5 m amounted for 93.85% of the total. The results from this study was compared to the ones obtained using direct grids/windows segmentation. It indicated that this method could have better simulation results.

The spatial distribution of foliage is the fundamental composition of crown structure, moreover, it is convenient to understand the mechanism of the energy convert to biomass above-ground through the crown by evaluating the spatial distribution of foliage and researching the relationship between foliage and factors in individual trees and stand. In Mao'er Mountains of Heilongjiang Province, 30 permanent sample plots in secondary forest were established where 3 401 biomass of living branches from 176 stem analysis sample trees with 10 different broad-leaved species were measured, 2007. This study presents 10 individual tree models for the prediction of vertical distribution of living crown. The 3 parameters Chapman-Richards model was used to estimate the distribution of the crown biomasses between the lower and upper limits of the crown. In the models for the relative cumulative living crown, parameters estimate results show that all coefficiens of determination are high more than 0.91 especially 0.98 for birch. The highest relative height at which the foliage reached its maximum point was 0.82 CL(crown length)for manchurian ash and the lowest was 0.52 CL for cork tree. The peak points for other species were between these two values, e.g. 0.66 CL for birch and 0.78 CL for oak. The percentage of foliage for broad-leaved species in secondary forestry at the top crown(above 0.3 CL)was very small, which in middle crown and below it(0.4 CL-0.8 CL)took about 60%-70% of total biomass, especially 72.22% for birch, 72.55% for poplar and the minimum was 57.51% for manchurian ash, however at under-part of the crown for all species occupied about 10% of total foliage. The models can be used for the planning of harvesting operations, for the selection of feasible harvesting methods, and for the estimation of nutrient removals of different harvesting practices.

Spruce resonance board is one of the important components of piano, and its acoustic property affects the piano's acoustic quality largely. 8 pieces of resonance boards made from Picea koraiensis, P. jezoensis, P. spinulosa, P. sitchensis (every species has two pieces) were as the samples and their modulus of elasticity (MOE), propagation velocity of longitudinal wave (V_L), vibration response time (T_r) and modulus of elasticity of the samples sawed from the edge of resonance board (MOEs) were determined based on the vibration theory of anisotropic plate. The result shows that the MOE, V_L and MOEs of No.2 resonance board are larger, and T_r of No. 2 is smaller than the No.1's in the same species. Then the resonance boards were made to 8 pianos. And the response of human heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) to the piano music (Chopin Preludes, OP28: No.24) was researched. The result shows that when the human enjoyed the No.2 piano's music in the same species, their vagus nerve activity increased more than that the No.1's, and they were in more relaxed state. That's that the human physiological indicators variety were larger for the No.2 piano in the same species. Therefore, it can be considered that larger MOE, V_L and MOEs and smaller T_r of resonance board induce better effects in human physiology.

Four biological hazard zones are proposed for China based on decay hazard and termite hazard. The decay hazards are classified based on the Scheffer Climate Index for exterior aboveground wood elements. The three termite zones are classified based on the presence of Reticulitermes and Coptotermes species: no Reticulitermes or Coptotermes, Reticulitermes species only, both Reticulitermes and Coptotermes species. The four integrated biological zones included: low hazard zone Ⅰ with low decay hazard and no termites, moderate hazard zone Ⅱ with moderate decay hazard but no termites, moderate hazard zone Ⅲ with moderate decay hazard and Reticulitermes, and severe hazard zone Ⅳ with severe decay hazard and both Reticulitermes and Coptotermes. Such a classification aims to pave the way for developing appropriate requirements for wood protection against decay and termites in different regions, and the information can be used by designers and builders as a general guide for designing for certain climate loads and biological hazards to achieve long-term durability. The study also forms background information for further research on how to better protect wood against decay and termites in different areas.

With the financial crisis happened, the growth of China's forest products export became very slow. This paper pointed out some defaults in the traditional constant market share (CMS) model, and put forward to the adjusted CMS model that can solve these defaults. Then it used the adjusted CMS model to analysis the interior mechanism on how the financial crisis affected China's forest products export. The conclusions indicated that the declined demand for forest products all over the world was the main cause of the very slow growth of China's forest products export. In addition, the change of products structure and market distribution also played roles to some extent.

In this study, the seasonal dynamic patterns of nutrients in the bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow were investigated in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest over one year in Laoshan Natural Reserve, southern Anhui. The results showed that the concentrations of nutrients were significantly increased after rain passed through forest canopies. The mean concentration of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH⁺₄-N, NO^-₃-N, PO^3-₄ were, respectively, 1.40 mg ·L^-1, 3.08 mg ·L^-1, 0.056 mg ·L^-1, 0.42 mg ·L^-1, 0.51 mg ·L^-1, and 6.86 μg ·L^-1 for the bulk precipitation; 3.88 mg ·L^-1, 4.69 mg ·L^-1, 0.27 mg ·L^-1, 0.44 mg ·L^-1, 0.94 mg ·L^-1 and 10.73 μg ·L^-1 for the throughfall; and 5.78 mg ·L^-1, 8.02 mg ·L^-1, 0.45 mg ·L^-1, 0.94 mg ·L^-1, 1.03 mg ·L^-1 and 19.98 μg ·L^-1 for the stemflow. The nutrient concentrations of precipitation fluctuated with rainfall intensity. The nutrient concentrations of throughfall and stemflow were affected by not only atmospheric conditions but the growth stage of trees.

Based on the 2×2 contingency tables of species presence/absence data collected from a 42 hm² permanent plot in the coniferous and board-leaved mixed forest in Jiaohe, the VR analysis, χ²-test, Pearson correlation coefficient test and Spearman rank correlation coefficient test were used in quantitative analysis of the interspecific correlations of 18 dominant species. The results indicated that there was a significantly positive correlation of overall association in the broad-leaved mixed forest community, but most species were insignificant positive correlation. The result of χ²-test showed that there was a positive association for 85 species-pairs and a negative association for 65 species-pairs. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient test produced more positive correlation species-pairs than the Pearson correlation coefficient test. The positive associations were presented among overall tree species of the community, which suggested the adaptability of species to similar habitats and the niche overlapped. The interspecific correlations were probably associated with ecological habitats. According to the semi-matrix figure correlation coefficients and the ecological characteristics, the 18 dominant species divided into three ecological species groups.

We further studied strain PCC1 of transgenic Btcry 3 A poplar 741, which had stable resistance to the pest,and examined the Bt toxic and soluble proteins of twig xylem,leaf and root at different developmental time. The results showed that there was no difference in soluble protein content between transgenic and CK strain,but the soluble proteins of the root and the twig xylem and leaves of different parts in the crown presented a certain regularity. The proteins in twig xylem and roots increased all the time while the proteins in the leaf first decreased and then increased in the whole growing seasons. The expression of Bt toxic protein in xylem increased from upper to lower crown and the expression in leaves decreased from upper to lower crown; the expression of Bt toxic protein in xylem first increased and then decreased with the peak in September. However the expression in leaves and roots did not exhibit a certain regularity with the time on.

To select suitable tree species for riparian revegetation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, three different kinds of water treatment simulating the riparian soil water changes were applied, including control (CK), continuous flooding (CF), and periodic flooding-drought (PF). Photosynthesis, biomass, growth and other related physio-ecological characteristics of Pinus elliottii seedlings were examined in this research. Results showed that water treatment could significantly influence photosynthesis, biomass and growth of P. elliottii seedlings. Net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and stomatal conductance (G_s) in CF and PF were significantly lower than those in CK, with a significant higher intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (C_i) in the two treatments than in CK. With extension of the treatment duration, there was a continuous increase in total biomass, root biomass, stem biomass, leaf biomass, plant height and base diameter of both CF and PF. In terms of the overall average value throughout the experimental period, no significant difference was found in total biomass, root biomass, stem biomass, plant height and base diameter between CF and PF; however, the parameters in both CF and PF were significantly lower than that of CK. The results verified that P. elliottii seedling was capable to tolerate water and drought stresses, and could be a candidate species for establishing riparian shelterbelt in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.

The mountains in Beijing, accounting for 62% of the total area, function as an ecological barrier in Chinese capital. Economy development in the mountain region is a key to guarantee the ecological function, among which the development of fruit industry in the mountain area is one of the most effective approaches in harmonizing economy and ecological function. In order to provide the theoretical basis for healthy development of fruit industry, the universal soil loss equation (USLE) was utilized to estimate the eco-economic value of soil conservation service of orchard ecosystems. The results showed that the orchard ecosystems in Pinggu district conserved soil 77.10 t ·hm^-2 per year, and the annual reduced loss of soil organic matter,soil available nitrogen,soil available phosphorus and soil available potassium was 21 647.60,169.68,54.85 and 227.19 t, respectively. The surface soil loss in this areas were decreased by 238.92 hm² per annum, and the sedimentation in the reservoirs and rivers were reduced by 229 366 m³ per annum. The results revealed that the total value of soil conservation of Pinggu orchard ecosystems added up to about 11.294 million yuan (RMB) per annum, of which,about 8.1 million yuan of holding nutrient,153.7 thousand yuan of reducing reservoir silt and 3.1 million yuan of decreasing soil loss. The values of holding nutrient included soil organic matter 2.2 million yuan (RMB),soil available nitrogen 4.1 million yuan (RMB),soil available phosphorus 595.3 thousand yuan (RMB) and soil available potassium 1.1 million yuan (RMB) per annum respectively.

Taking soil physical and chemical properties, water-holding capacity of litter, release of soil carbon as well as growth of regenerated species as index layer, principal component analysis was used for the comprehensive evaluation of improvement methods(horizontal clearcutting, vertical clearcutting, and forest gap)of low quality forests in Xiaoxing'an Mountains area. The results showed that strip cutting performed better than the forest gap method. Within the strip cutting zones, horizonatal cutting had a better result than vertical cutting method. For the horizontal cutting zones, cutting strips with width of 6 m and 10 m achieved better results than the cutting strips with width of 8 m and 15 m. Within vertical cutting zones, the cutting strips of 6 m in width had the best result while no significant difference was noticed between cutting strips of 8 m and 15 m. The least improvement was noticed in cutting strips at 10 m in width. For the forest gap, small cutting area(25 m)had significant better result than the rest.

Artemisia ordosicais is an important shrub widely distributed in northern China for combating desertification. Recently large areas of A. ordosica were damaged by several species of woodborers. From 2006 to 2008 in Yanchi, Ningxia Hui Autonomous region, China,an investigation on the spatial patterns and relationship of woodborer larvae, and their parasitoid Pyemotes herfsi and pecks of their predator, Perdix dauuricae in A. ordosica shrubs at different succession stage showed that in horizontal direction, borer larvae, parasitoid P. herfsi and P. dauuricae pecks were in negative binomial distribution, while in vertical direction, borer larvae were mainly distributed on A. ordosica trunks from above ground 3 cm above ground to under ground 6 cm. Their natural enemies also favored this range. In the succession of A. ordosicais, the natural enemies had a significant following effect.

Camellia oleifera ‘Huashuo’is an elite variety selected from a stand raised from seeds. This variety matures around Frost's Descent, which average weight of single fruit is 68.75 g, and maximum weight of single fruit is 99.20 g. The fruit seed-producing percentage is 45.51%, kernel percent is 69.28% and the average oil content of seeds is 39.07%. More than 975 kg oil per acres is produced in full fruit period. In summary the new variety has the characteristics of large fruit, high yield, anti-adversity, and high photosynthetic efficiency and so on.