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25 April 2013, Volume 49 Issue 4
Models for Determining Oil Contents in Camellia oleifera Seeds by Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Xi Ruchun;Zhong Yanmei;Deng Xiaomei;Chen Xiaoyang;Mao Baoyin;Yi Lisha
2013, 49(4):  1-6.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130401
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In this paper we aim to provide a rapid, simple and accurate method for determining camellia seed oil content, by the DA7200 near infrared apparatus (made in Sweden). One hundred and fifty seeds that were collected from different origins in Guangdong province were tested. Based on the analysis data of the absorption spectra and the chemical characteristics, two models for kernel oil content determination were established, and then the accuracy of the models was evaluated. The result shows that the model with the whole seed kernel can reached to 0.88 of the correlation coefficient between the prediction and the chemically measured values, and the standard deviation of prediction is in the range of 0.91. Thus this model with the whole seed kernel can be used to measure low quantity and precious samples with the relative low accuracy. The model with the crushed seed kernel can reached to 0.98 of the correlation coefficient between the prediction and the chemically measured values, and the standard deviation of prediction is in the range of 0.33. This model is very well and can directly replace conventional method. The test results show that prediction models have high precision and good stability. The forecast results indicated that near-infrared spectroscopy for rapidly testing the oil content of dry kernel was useful and would have a very good application prospects.
Productivity and Carbon Dynamic of the Masson Pine Stands in Jigongshan Region Based on LPJ-GUESS Model
Feng Xiaohui;Cheng Ruimei;Xiao Wenfa;Wang Ruili;Wang Xiaorong;Liu Zebin
2013, 49(4):  7-8.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130402
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In this paper, we used the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS to simulate the carbon dynamic of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) pure stands and Masson pine-broadleaf mixed stands in Jigongshan region under different climate change scenario. Results showed that the simulation was well fitted with the actual results. To 2100, the net primary productivity and carbon biomass of the two types of Masson pine stands both will increase under the climate change scenarios of SRES A2 and B2. Meanwhile the soil respiration rate will increase, soil carbon storage will gradually reduce, and the ecosystem carbon exchange will maintain balance. The simulation of LPJ-GUESS model to the growth dynamic of Masson pine stands in subtropical region was reasonable, thus the model can be extendedly applied in sub-tropical regions.
Elevation Patterns of Tree and Shrub Species Diversity of Tropical Forests in Jianfengling, Hainan Island
Wu Yupeng;Xu Han;Li Yide;Luo Tushou;Chen Dexiang;Lin Mingxian
2013, 49(4):  16-23.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130403
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The relationship between the diversity of tree and shrub species and the altitudinal gradient of Jianfengling was analyzed based on 164 25 m×25 m quadrats. We also analyzed the impacts of forest logging on the altitudinal patterns of tree and shrub species. Results showed that Jianfengling had abundant plant species. There were 65 144 individuals and 596 species in the 164 quadrats, which belong to 84 families and 253 genera. In the primary forests, the distribution of species richness along the altitudinal gradient showed a bimodal pattern, which was mainly controlled by the water, heat, light and community characteristics in Jianfengling. Species richness had an undulate increase along the altitudinal gradient in the diameter-limit logged forests but changed dramatically in the clear-cut forests. On the other hand, in the primary forests, Simpson species diversity index increased gradually along the altitudinal gradient. In the diameter-limit logged forests, it maintained a slow increase, but had a decline trend after 800 m. In clear-cut forests, it increased gradually along the elevation before 680 m and then declined until it rose again at 850 m. Furthermore, Simpson species diversity index increased after diameter-limit logging and decreased after clear-cutting by comparing with the primary forests along the altitudinal gradient.
Community Structure, Species Diversity of Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis hystrix Plantation and the Nature-Based Forest Management in the Southern Subtropical China
He Youjun;Liang Xingyun;Qin Lin;Li Zhiyong;Tan Ling;Shao Meixiang
2013, 49(4):  24-33.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130404
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In this study, we compared the community structure and species biodiversity in three 28-year-old plantations, i.e., monoculture Pinus massoniana (PPS), monoculture Castanopsis hystrix (PCS), and mixed C. hystrix and P. massoniana (MCP) stands at Fubo Forest Station located in Pingxiang County, Guangxi, to provide a strategy of nature-based forest management in the southern subtropical China. The results showed that the canopy in PPS was able to be classified into two layers (layer I at the height of 13-24 m dominated by P. massoniana, and Layer II at the height of 2-9 m with C. hystrix as the dominant species). The canopy in PCS also could be divided into two layers (Layer I at 12-17 m dominated by C. hystrix, and layer Ⅱ dominated by C. hystrix at the height of 2-8 m). MCP had the three layers of canopy (Layer I at the height of 20-25 m with C. hystrix as dominant trees, layer II dominated by P. massoniana at the height of 13-20 m, and layer III occupied by C. hystrix at the height of 4-7 m). The number of species (DBH ≥1cm) in different plantation stands was ordered as PPS (11 species)>MCP (7 species)>PCS (4 species), stem number (DBH ≥1 cm) was ranked as PPS (1 949 stem ·hm-2)>PCS (825 stem ·hm-2)>MCP (383 stem ·hm-2), basal area was presented as PPS (30.05 m2 ·hm-2)>MCP(17.48 m2 ·hm-2)>PCS(12.35 m2 ·hm-2), and average DBH was MCP (21.7 cm)>PCS (9.9 cm)>PPS (9.7 cm). In terms of shrub layers in three plantation stands, the diversity index of Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and Pielou index in MCP was significantly lower than those in PCS and PPS (P<0.05). The diversity index of herbaceous plants in PCS was relative lower without significant difference among the three plantation stands (P>0.05). These findings suggest that based-nature forest management with target diameter stands can be a good silvicultural alternative to large-scale plantations in the southern subtropical China. For monoculture P. massoniana stand, the uneven-aged and mixed coniferous-broadleaved stands with dominant by broadleaved trees would be established after changing community structure, promoting natural regeneration and replanting broadleaved species in the understory vegetation. For monoculture C. hystrix stand, the uneven-aged and mixed broadleaved-broadleaved stands would be developed after optimizing community structure and replanting broadleaved species in the understory vegetation. For mixed C. hystrix and P. massoniana stand, the uneven-aged and mixed coniferous-broadleaved stands would be established after logging some disturbed individuals, promoting natural regeneration of P. massoniana and C. hystrix based on target diameter stands management system.
In Vitro Pollen Tube Growth and Distribution of Microfilaments in Pollen Tube of Pinus tabulaeformis
Shang Fengnan;Song Shaoyu;Tian Ju;Wang Jun
2013, 49(4):  34-38.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130405
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The characteristics of pollen tube growth and microfilament distribution of Pinus tabulaeformis were studied by in vitro culture combined with fluorescence microscopic localization. The results showed the pollen germination produced a number of grains with single tube, and also some grains with hetero-tubes, such as two tubes and ramification. Under the optimal culture condition, germination rate became stable after 60 h culture (up to 91%) and the tube length stabilized after 96 h culture (up to 173 μm). The frequency of pollen grains with hetero-tubes was significantly and positively correlated with the germination rate (r=0.786 7, P=0.004 1). The tube ramification took place at 89.73(±3.44) μm of tube elongation. Microfilament cytoskeleton distributed normally in different types of tubes and brought about the tube nucleus and amyloplasts to move toward tip of tube. In transparent zone of tube, microfilament bundles formed a dense network parallel to the direction of tube elongation. However, when the tube grew long, distribution of microfilaments tended to be thin.
Effects of Mechanical Treatments on Germination and Growth of Quercus×fangshanensis and Q. robur Seeds
Liu Yan;Li Qingmei;Liu Yong;Hou Longyu;Liu Guangquan;;Bai Shihong
2013, 49(4):  39-45.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130406
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The germination delay and irregulation of Quercus seeds affect the seedling quality and growth. In this study we investigated effects of different mechanical treatments, including removing cup scar (RS), removing pericarp (sound cotyledon) (RP/SC), removing pericarp and cutting off 1/2 cotyledon (HC), removing pericarp and cutting off 2/3 cotyledon (TC), on seed germination and seedling growth of Q. ×fangshanensis and Q. robur. The results showed that 1) both species had characteristics of delayed and irregular germination and emerged roots without shoots; 2) compared with untreated control(CK), RP, HC and TC significantly shortened the root and shoot mean germination time of Q. ×fangshanensis and Q. robur seeds, and increased root and shoot synchronization index and vigor index; RP and HC could significantly increase seed rooting and germination percentage, root length and shoot height, and TC significantly promoted the seed rooting and shooting germination percentage compared with CK, however, the root length and shoot height with TC treatment had no significant difference from CK; 3) compared with sound cotyledon, cutting off too much cotyledon (2/3) remarkably decreased seed rooting and germinating percentage; 4) removing cup scar significantly decreased the root length and shoot height, mean germination time, however, no siginificant difference was detected on the root and shoot synchronization index, germination percentage and vigor index between RS and CK. Thus, RP and HC can effectively accelerate germination and uniform seedlings, which has an important practical significance in Q. ×fangshanensis and Q. robur seedlings.
Transformation of TSRF 1 into Eucalyptus urophylla and the Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance of the Transgenic Plant to Diseases
Ouyang Lejun;Liu Yuan;Huang Zhenchi;Zeng Fuhua
2013, 49(4):  46-53.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130407
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In this study, the hypocotyls germinated from the seeds of Eucalyptus urophylla U6 were used as explants, and the different plant growth substance combinations for the regeneration and conditions for genetic transformation of E. urophylla were optimized by an orthogonal test. The TSRF 1 gene was confirmed to integrate into the E. urophylla genome by PCR and Southern blotting. The transgenic E. urophylla markedly enhanced the disease resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. The transgenic plants had stronger resistance to the leaf disease infested with Phytophthora. After inoculation with R. solanacearum, the activity of PPO, PAL and SOD significantly increased. The expression of TSRF 1 gene was increased after inoculation with diseases, detected by the method of Real-time PCR. These results suggested that expression of the TSRF 1 gene could improve broad-spectrum disease resistance in the transgenic E. urophylla.
Numerical Classification, Ordination and Species Diversity along Elevation Gradients of the Forest Community in Kunyu Mountain
Zhu Yanpeng;Liang Jun;Sun Zhiqiang;Jiang Mingyuan;Wu Xiaoming;Zhang Xingyao;
2013, 49(4):  54-61.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130408
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Based on a field investigation of 40 vegetation plots (30 m×30 m) in Kunyu Mountain and the main site factors, forest communities were classified and the species diversity pattern along the altitudinal gradient was analyzed by using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Analysis of species accumulation curves indicated that samples from the 40 permanent plots were statistically sufficient for analyzing the species composition. The results showed that the forest communities were classified into 9 types by TWINSPAN. The results of DCA clearly reflected the distribution range of various community types, and CCA indicated the influences of site factors on the distribution pattern of community types and species. Species richness increased sharply with an increasing elevation below 300 m, with the maximum at 300 m, then decreased significantly, and did not change greatly above 450 m. Shannon-Wiener index rose slightly with an increasing elevation, and Simpson index had a similar trend. Pielou’s index increased gradually below 500 m, and rose sharply above 500 m.
Growth and Characteristics of Cork from Two Types of Quercus variabilis in North Slopes Qinling Mountains
Bai Chao;Zhang Wenhui;Lei Yafang
2013, 49(4):  62-69.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130409
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In order to understand the characteristics of cork qualities of Q. variabilis, and to provide scientific base for managing the forests, the differences of two types of Q. variabilis with different periderm thickness, distributed in sunny slope of North Slopes Qinling Mountains, were studied at the various DHB stages. Totally 40 Q. variabilis trees were used in this study. The results showed: There was extremely significant difference in the periderm thickness between sunny side and shady side of the stems. The cork of the thick type Q. variabilis was better than the thin type’s. The cork of the two types of Q. variabilis was worst at 10~20 cm DBH stage. There was an extremely significant and positive correlation between periderm thickness and tree growth. Stepwise regression analysis showed that DBH could replace age used as an important index for estimating the periderm thickness. With the increase of cork thickness the cork quality was relatively better in the two types. The growth of the thick type was faster during 10~30 cm DBH stage, and then slowed down after 40 cm DBH. In the contrast, the growth of the thin type was always slow. In the future, barks of the thick type should be stripped timely when DBH arrives at 30 cm, and the thin type should avoid stripping when DBH is less than 20 cm. Meanwhile, appropriate thinning techniques should be used to improve the number of forest gaps, thereby increasing the heterogeneity of light, temperature and other environmental resources, and providing favorable conditions for growth and development of the cork of the Q. variabilis.
Modeling the Relationship between Yellow Horn Seedling Growth and Soil Moisture Content
Wang Xuefeng;Hirafuji Masayuki
2013, 49(4):  70-76.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130410
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The objectives of this study were to provide a model reference for estimation of seedling height according to crown width based on imagery, and to provide technical guidance for the seedling industry. To this end, soil moisture and seedling growth data were first obtained through the application of automated field sensors. Model parameters were then estimated using a promising measurement error model method. The next stage of this study was to carry out comparative research on the fitted results from the Logistic model (Logistic regression) and the Richards model. Finally, relationships between soil moisture, growth rate, and the daily crown width increment were fitted by a cubic polynomial function. Results showed that: 1) The measurement error model method provided good estimation accuracy of the parameters when dependent and independent variables were found within the measurement error. 2) The Richards model was superior to the Logistic model when simulating yellow horn seedling growth and relationships between crown width and seedling height. 3) Seedlings require higher soil moisture content during the initial growth stage, and that optimum soil moisture content demand for the daily maximum crown width increment will decrease with an increase in growth rate.
Forest Fire-Point Location and Precision Analysis Based on Single Image and DEM
Duan Zhugeng;Xiao Huashun
2013, 49(4):  77-84.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130411
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The forest fire location based on video detection is the key technology for fire monitoring. This paper puts forward the method of positioning forest fire through combined with a single image taken with video monitoring or camera,3D attitude angle surveyed by three-dimensional electronic compass, and the DEM data of the subject area. It is proved that the fire point location accuracy can be controlled under 100 m through theoretical simulation analyzing and field experiments beyond the gross error zone. This method can satisfy the requirements of the forest fire point positioning accuracy. However, the detection accuracy is not high in the gross error zone, the precision can be correlated with the survey accuracy of the 3D attitude angle by the three-dimensional electronic compass, the camera’s interior orientation elements and DEM.
External Morphology and Microstructure of the Compound Eye of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
Lu Miao;Fan Fan;Geng Shuo;Jin Qunying;Wei Guoshu;
2013, 49(4):  85-89.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130412
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The external morphology of the compound eye of Hyphantria cunea, and the microstructure and its changes under different light intensity were observed by using a scanning electron microscopy and an optics microscope. The result showed that the compound eyes were hemispherical, and formed an upended typeface of the Chinese figure "eight" on the head. Male and female eyes have approximately 2 900 and 2 700 ommatidia. Each ommatidium was composed of dioptric apparatus, retinula cell column, the rhabdom and basement membrane. The dioptric apparatus and retinula cell column were surrounded by primary iris pigment cells and six secondary iris pigment cells, and pigment granules and a reflecting tracheal sheath were found in the basement membrane. Moreover, in light adaptation, most of pigment granules of secondary iris pigment cells gradually invaded the clear-zone from the cone region and evenly distributed in the whole region between the cones and the clear-zone. When the eye was in dark adaptation, the pigment granules of secondary iris pigment cells withdrew back to the cones and distributed around the crystalline cone. However, the microstructures of male and female compound eyes were not different under the same light- or dark-adaptation. In conclusion, the compound eye of H. cunea belonged to a refracting superposition eye. In light- or dark-adaptation, it could adapt to the change of ambience light intensity by controlling the longitudinal movement of pigment granules.
Sequencing the Full-Length DNA and the Molecular Characterization of Four Plasmids from Plant Pathogens of Phytoplasma Disease
Hu Jiaxu;Song Chuansheng;Lin Caili;Geng Xiansheng;Tian Guozhong
2013, 49(4):  90-97.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130413
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On the basis of the known phytoplasmal plasmid sequences, two pairs of specific primers were designed and used for amplication by PCR. Two amplified DNA fragments with different sizes covering the whole plasmid were obtained through two round of PCR amplification. After being sequenced and spliced,four phytoplasmal full-length circular plasmid DNA sequences, including the plasmids of mulberry dwarf(pMDPy) in Puyang,Henan Province, periwinkle(Catharanthus roseus)virescence (pPEVHn) in Hainan Province, paulownia witches’-broom (pPaWBG33D) in Yanzhou, Shandong Province and chinaberry witches’-broom phytoplasma strains (pCWBFq-2) in Fuqing, Fujian Province were achieved, with the sizes of 3 833, 3 943, 3 843 and 3 913 bp, respectively. They are predicted to encode five proteins,open reading frame ORF1 encoding replication associated protein(RepA),ORF5 encoding binding protein(SSB)and ORF2-4 encoding given unknown function proteins. pMDPy is the first plasmid determined from mulberry dwarf phytoplasma.Sequence analysis of non-coding regions (NCR) of the four kinds of plasmids revealed that the NCR sequences between ORF1 and ORF2 existed promoters and ribosome binding sites.The four phytoplasmal plasmid sequences were compared with the phytoplasmal plasmid sequences found in GenBank through multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis; the results showed that these four plasmids and other 16Sr I group plasmid could be grouped into a large branch,which is consistent with the phylogenetic tree created from 16S rDNA comparisons. This research would not only provide further insight into the different phytoplasmal plasmid structure and function, host specificity and plasmid variation and evolution within different phytoplasma species or strains,but also offer new theoretical basis for a multiple genes and index-based system for phytoplasmal classification.
A Comparative in SiO2 Gel Loading Performance of Wood, Bamboo and Their Carbonized Products
Jiang Zehui;Wang Hankun;Zhang Qiuhui;Tian Genlin;Yu Yan
2013, 49(4):  98-102.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130414
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The physical and mechanical properties of bamboo or wood could be significantly changed by the impregnation of SiO2 gel. The weight percentage gain (WPG) is the key indicator reflecting the quantity of SiO2 gel impregnated into the materials, which directly determines the performances of the resultant products. In this paper, bamboo, bamboo charcoal, wood and charcoal were immersed in SiO2 sol with constant or gradient concentrations respectively. The effect of microstructure, carbonization or not, sol concentration and impregnation methods on WPG was systematically investigated. The results show that the gel loading performance of bamboo charcoal was better than bamboo, but both were far worse than that of wood and charcoal. For wood and wood charcoal, the gel loading performance was relevant to the concentration of the sol. Compared to the impregnation route of constant concentration, the gradient concentration could effectively increase the WPG of SiO2 gel in the four materials.
Research on the Preparation Process and Binding Performance of the Oxidation Modified Industrial Lignin-Wood Fiber Composite Material
Hu Jianpeng;Guo Minghui
2013, 49(4):  103-109.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130415
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This article reports a study on an environmental friendly composite material. The composite material was produced from the wood fiber as the basic phase and industrial lignin oxidized modification by Fenton reagent as bonding phase. The optimal process parameters of the modified industrial lignin-wood fiber composite material by adopting high speed mixed-flat of hot pressing process are obtained as adding amount of oxidation modified industrial lignin 25%, the moisture content of slab 20%, hot pressing time 7 min and hot pressing temperature 170 ℃ according to orthogonal test and range analysis. The mechanical properties of materials reach the standard of GB/T 11718—2009 MDF of China. The changes of composite materials on the chemical composition, crystal form and crystallinity, dynamic mechanical properties and microstructure were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD), dynamic thermomechanical analysis(DMA)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results showed that the modified industrial lignin and wood fiber formed ideal chemical bonds combination during the hot-pressing process, crystal structure of wood fiber remains unchanged but relative crystallinity improved. The stiffness and toughness of the composite material were good but the heat stability reduced, components of the composite material distributed evenly,intertwined closely and interfacial compatibility is good. The materials own a widely application prospect in architectural clapboard materials, decoration materials, packaging materials and so on.
Preparation and Characterization of Isocyanate Adhesive Based on Soybean Oil for Wood Bonding
Zhang Yadong;Gu Jiyou;Zheng Zhifeng;Huang Yuanbo
2013, 49(4):  110-116.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130416
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One-component isocyanate adhesive with moisture curing at room temperature has been prepared from polyols derived from soybean oil which is in order to substitute for traditional polyether polyols, their structures and thermal stability were assessed by FTIR, TG and DTG. It studied the effect of hydroxyl value, dosage and NCO/OH molar ratio on the pot life, bonding strength and thermo stability of adhesive. It indicated that, under the condition that the 69 mgKOH ·g-1 hydroxyl value of soybean oil-based polyol, the 20%SOP/PEG molar ratio, the 7 R value and the 80% solid content, the final CPS of isocyanate adhesive was 21.06 MPa, pot life was more than three months, Wet circulation strength was 12.04 MPa which was higher 26.01% than that of PEG/PAPI system, and the adhesive had a higher thermal stability.
Progress in the Death Mechanism Research of Paulownia spp. Terminal Buds
Wang Yanmei;Ma Tianxiao;Liu Zhen
2013, 49(4):  117-122.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130417
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The terminal buds of young Paulownia spp. are predisposed to dead over winter. Thus, a false dichotomous branch is the main trunk extension form in the following year, which brings about "big crown-low trunk" and seriously affects the productivity and wood quality. It is important in both theory and application to understand the death reasons and mechanisms. The possible death reasons and mechanisms were reviewed in this paper, and the emphases were put on the factors that the terminal bud growth and development status, temperature, water, light, programmed cell death and endogenous hormonal changes associated with the terminal bud death.Finally, certain urgent problems about Paulownia spp. terminal bud death are put forward and discussed.
Tree Geometrical 3 D Modeling from Terrestrial Laser Scanned Point Clouds: A Review
Huang Hongyu;Chen Chongcheng;Zou Jie;Lin Ding
2013, 49(4):  123-130.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130418
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Three-dimensional vegetation structural information is critical for many ecological studies and applications in forestry. It is a non-trivial job to reconstruct accurate and realistic 3D tree model based on the point cloud data collected from terrestrial laser scanners. Although the point cloud data represent the accurate surface information, due to complex structure of trees and occlusion, the data can be noisy and missing. We review the algorithms to extract geometric and topological information from the unorganized point cloud, and procedure for point cloud segmentation, skeleton extraction from point cloud of tree branches and individual 3D tree model reconstruction. We also compare the existing algorithms and suggest the future direction to efficiently and reliably extract information from LiDAR point cloud.
Mechanism of PM2.5 Filter Grouped by Micro-Nano Wood Wool Flour
Yang Chunmei;Ma Yan;Guo Xiurong;Zhang Li;Ma Jing
2013, 49(4):  131-134.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130419
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In accordance with the difficult problem of particles suspended filter in the air, this paper proposed the target of PM2.5 filter grouped by micron wood wool and micro and nano wood flour. Using filtration material of timber natural environmental and the cavities adsorption function of its natural structure after carbonization to filter automobile exhaust, coal particles and other atmospheric particles suspended. Through analysis of filter at home and abroad, this paper proposed filtering mechanism and technical route of wood-based ecological level anion PM2.5 filter. After feasibility demonstration, it would propose a research direction of application prospects by using wood-based materials as air filter.
Effects of Exogenous Substance on Starch Synthesis and Related Enzymes Activity in Chinese Chestnut
Guo Sujuan;Xie Peng
2013, 49(4):  135-140.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130420
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In this research, we sprayed 0.3% calcium chloride, 5 mmol L-1 EGTA, 4% sucrose solution on the surface of leaves to explore the interactions of the total soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch content as well as the relevant enzyme activity of Chinese chestnut "yan shan zao feng" in the fruit establishment stage. The results indicated that: the sprayed sucrose solution increased soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch content, extended the duration of starch accumulation, and promoted sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), ADPG Pyrophosphorylase (AGPPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activities. Individual fruit weight increased by 5.15%. CaCl2 showed no significant effect on growth and development indexes of Chinese chestnut, while EGTA treatment reduced the single fruit weight, disturbed the Chinese chestnut kernel development amd caused formation of Empty-shell, inhibited the activity of SS, SPS, AGPPase, SSS and GBSS, and reduced the soluble sugar, sucrose, starch content. Spraying sucrose solution during the Fruit Growth and Development of Chinese chestnut is one of operational measurements.
Distribution of Ca2+ at the Tip of Phyllostachys edulis Root under Drought Stress and Physiological Functions of Exogenous Ca2+
Ying Yeqing;Du Xuhua;Jiang Qin;Xu Chuanmei;Wu Jiasheng
2013, 49(4):  141-146.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130421
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Drought is one of the main disastrous weather factors. In this study, we investigated the distributing character of Ca2+ in Phyllostachys eduli root tip and the influence mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ and its inhibitor under drought stress, by using the laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), to explore how the calcium signaling play its role under drought stress. The results showed that calcium ions in apical root cap and elongation zone were more than that in other parts. The total content of intracellular Ca2+ increased in about 15 min under treatment with high PEG concentration. The Ca2+ accumulated in the cytoplasmic under the high PEG concentration stress, while the accumulation was not obvious under low PEG concentrating stress. The relative electric conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, catalase (CAT) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in Ph. eduli treated by drought stress increased with the treating time. But the POD activity increased firstly and then declined with the time. When the exogenous Ca2+ were added, REC and MDA content reduced significantly compared to the control. And the antioxidant enzyme activity gone up, such as POD, SOD and CAT activity. Calcium signaling inhibitors, such as EGTA,heparin,LaCl3 and CPZ, were able to block conducting system. When the inhibitors were added, REC and MDA contents in the bamboo leaves increased obviously, and the CAT and SOD activities were reduced significantly. These inhibitors, except for EGTA, also cause the POD activity to obviously reduce compared to the control. It was concluded that exogenous Ca2+ can promote the resistance of Ph. eduli to draught stress by regulating activities of the protective enzymes.
Natural Regeneration Characteristics of Celtis sinensis Population in Langqi Island Scenic Spot of Minjiang Estuary, Fujian Province
Yan Shujun;Hong Wei;Lin Yongming;Bi Xiaoli;Qin Yifang;Lei Shaofei
2013, 49(4):  147-151.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130422
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In order to identify the natural regeneration characteristics of C. sinensis populations in Langqi Island of Minjiang Estuary, young trees (with DBH less than 2.5 cm) were investigated by a line sampling method. The annual growth of both seedlings in forest gaps and root sprouts under the canopy was measured. The results showed seed propagation, root sprouting and stump sprouting were the main regeneration ways, accounting for 45%, 36.3%, 18.7% of the whole young population, respectively. The root sprouts were more than seed-derived individuals in young populations with the height less than 40 cm. Conversely, the number of seed-derived plants was larger than that of root sprouted ones in the population with the height higher than 40 cm. More young seedlings were observed in forest gaps than under the canopy. Seedlings were dominated in gaps, while other two types were dominated under the canopy. In addition, differences in both the annual height growth (P<0.01) and annual ground diameter growth (P<0.05) between seedlings in gaps and root suckers under the canopy were significant.
Effects of α-pinene Fumigation on Detoxifying Enzymes Activities of Zophobas morio
Tian Yunong;Ma Wei;Wei Qinghui;Han Xuyang;Luo Shuai;Chen Xuri;Qiu Benjun;Ma Ling
2013, 49(4):  152-156.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130423
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In order to study the insecticidal activity and toxicity mechanism of α-pinene(a plant volatile organic compound), we tested the acute toxicity of α-pinene against 4th instar larvae of Zophobas morio in a gas-fumigation system, and investigated the activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the glutathione S-transfer (GSTs)in the larvae at different fumigation time. The results showed that the acute toxicity LC50 and LC20 values of α-pinene against the 4th instar larvae in 48 h were 21.435 and 12.140 μg ·L-1, respectively. Under the fumigation with LC50 and LC20 concentrations (21.435 and 12.140 μg ·L-1) of α-pinene, the activity of CarE was significantly inhibited. The activities of ALP and GSTs first increased but subsequently reduced. Under the fumigation at LC20 concentration of α-pinene, the activities of ACP was increase. Under the fumigation at LC20 concentrations of α-pinene, the ACP activity showed first increased but subsequently reduced. It could be inferred from the above results that α-pinene had a high biological activity on Z. morio, which could effectively interference the detoxifying enzymes, disrupt the normal physiological metabolism and show high toxicity effect on the insect.
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Forest Fires in Yichun Area during 1980-2010 and the Influence of Meteorological Factors
Zheng Qiong;Di Xueying;Jin Sen
2013, 49(4):  157-163.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130424
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Based on the data of forest fires from 1980-2010 in Yichun region of Heilongjiang Province, the temporal and spatial pattern of the forest fires was studied by using methods, such as GIS, SPSS17.0, and EXCEL. The results showed that the 30 years history could be divided into two periods: it was the high fire occurrence stage during 1980-1987 and duration of 1988-2010 was the steady fire occurrence stage, showing a decreasing tendency. During the whole period of time, ordinary forest fires and big forest fires were the main types of forest fires. Forest fires mainly occurred in Spring and Autumn. In terms of the spatial distribution, the fire frequency and fire area were concentrated in the northern region, mainly in Jiayin and Wuyiling. Based on analysis of different forest fire originations, the moisture, temperature and wind speed had most obvious effects on forest fire occurrence. The more the moisture, the lower the temperature, and the lower the wind speed, the lower possibility the fire.
An Elite Cajanus cajan Variety ‘ICP 12746’
Ma Hong;Li Zhenghong;Liu Xiuxian;Wan Youming;Gu Yong
2013, 49(4):  164-164.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20130425
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An elite variety of Cajanus cajan‘ICP12746’, bred by International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, was introduced to China in 1998. Its growth period ranged 231~242 days; Average two-year-old plant height and ground diameter were (206.3±21.1) cm and (2.48±0.37) cm, respectively; Number of the first order branch was (21.3±2.4) and average number of pods per plant was (416.8±59.6). The 100-seed weight was (24.91±0.45) g. Total seed weight per plant was up to (270.76±43.80) g. It had characteristics of higher yield, bigger legumes and seeds, better taste of fresh seeds, thinner testa, compared with the control varieties.