Forest pest

Applicability of the United States Weed Risk Assessment System to Invasive Plants in China Article

Shanyong He,Fei Xu,Ning Zhang,Junbao Wen,Liping Yin

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(4 ):197 -208. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200422

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Objective: In this study,a priori category of alien plants in China was used to test the assessment effect by the United States weed risk assessment system (USWRA),and the paper further analyzed whether USWRA could be applicable to the quarantine management of forest plants in China,in order to lay a foundation for the establishment of risk assessment methods for invasive plants in China. Method: In this paper,131 alien plants (including 76 non-invasive plants and 55 invasive plants) with a priori category in China were selected and tested with USWRA. The evaluation outcome of USWRA was analyzed through comparing the predictive categories of the tested plants evaluated by USWRA with the known categories,and the outcome was tested using the ROC curve. In addition,the proportion difference of invasive plants in different life forms was analyzed by Friedman test and Nemenyi method. One-way ANOVA and LSD multiple comparison methods were used to analyze the differences in risk scores among different life forms of plants. Result: For major invasive plants,USWRA correctly rejected 68.4% of them,and did not wrongly accept single one,and the remaining 31.6% needed to be evaluated further. For non-invasive plants,USWRA correctly accepted 84.2% of them,and did not wrongly reject single one,and the remaining 15.8% needed to be evaluated further. For minor invasive plants,USWRA rejected 27.8% of them,accepted 5.6% of them,and the remaining 66.7% needed to be evaluated further. The ROC curve test results showed that USWRA had a high ability to distinguish major invasive plants from non-invasive plants with a curved AUC value up to 0.990. In addition,there were significant differences in risk scores to become invasive plants among different life forms,and the risk scores of herbaceous and vine plants were significantly higher than those of arbor plants. There were significant differences in the proportion of invasive plants in different life forms,and the risk of herbaceous and vine-like plants becoming invasive plants was greater than that of tree plants. Conclusion: USWRA can satisfactorily discriminate major invasive plants from non-invasive plants without any error,and thus it can be applied the quarantine management of forest plants in China.

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Research Progress on Total Synthesis of Precursor Components of Sex Pheromones from Six of Pine Caterpillar Species in China Article

Fu Liu,Zhongwei Yuan,Xiangbo Kong,Sufang Zhang,Zhen Zhang,Zhifeng Guo,Zhenlin Li,Yanhui Song,Yibin Zhou

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(4 ):170 -180. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200419

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There are six species of pine caterpillars in China,including pine caterpillars include Dendrolimus punctatus,D. superans,D. tabulaeformis,D. houi,D. spectabilis and D. kikuchii,and all the insects are serious pests of pine forests in China. Pine caterpillars have a strong reproductive capacity. When the pests break out,the all leaves of pines are eaten up quickly,which seriously hinders the growth of trees and even causes the trees to die. Furthermore,the pine caterpillars'infestation cause pines to decline,which can lead to the invasion of stem borers. Therefore,the control of pine caterpillars has always been an important research direction of forest entomologists in China. It is an important part of the comprehensive management of pine caterpillars to find an effective population monitoring method. Sex pheromone is an important means for the comprehensive management of pine caterpillars for its strong specificity and convenient application. Sex pheromone attractants can be used not only to monitor the occurrence period and population dynamics of pine caterpillars,but also to control the population number and prevalence by interfering with their mating. The active ingredients of sex pheromones in the 6 species of pine caterpillars could be divided into two main categories. The derivative of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol and the derivative of (E,Z)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol. Their precursors are the corresponding alcohols. In this paper,the synthesis methods of these two precursor compounds were summarized. The total synthesis of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol could be roughly classified into three different synthetic ways. Route one,the Wittig reaction between aldehydes and phosphoranes; Route two,coupling reaction of E type iodinated alkene with unsaturated hydrocarbons; Other paths of reactions,including anti-Markovnikov addition of substituted olefins; rearrangement of thexylalkenyllalkynylboranes,and coupling reactions of organometallic reagents. In contrast,(E,Z)-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol could be synthesized by two ways. Route one,the Wittig reaction between α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and phosphoranes; Route two,coupling reaction of E type iodinated enol with alkynes. At present,the demand for sex pheromone of pine caterpillars is increasing day by day,and the design and optimization of its synthesis methods have become an important task. Consequently,this review will provide important reference for the researchers who carry out the similar research in China.

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Diapause of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Induced by Photoperiod and Temperature Article

Shaobo Wang,Zhou Zhou,Yimeng Chen,Yuzhu Wang,Yong Zhang,Liangjian Qu

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(4 ):121 -127. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200413

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Objective: This paper aims to investigate effects of photoperiod and temperature on the diapause of Hyphantria cunea, to clarify main factors of inducing the diapause, and to unveil the sensitive larval instars to photoperiod inducing the diapause. Method: In this experiment, four temperatures (21, 23, 25 and 27℃) and 7 photoperiods (L8:D16, L10:D14, L12:D12, L13:D11, L14:D10, L15:D9 and L16:D8) were set. The diapause incidence of these 28 treatments were analyzed and compared to show the effects of photoperiod and temperature and critical photoperiod on diapause of H. cunea. Under the condition of 23℃, the larvae were alternately treated with long photoperiod (L16:D8) and/or short photoperiod (L10:D14) at different developmental stages. The diapause incidence under 32 different treatments were statistically analyzed and compared to determine the sensitive period of larval instars for diapause induced by the photoperiod. Result: At four different temperatures (21, 23, 25 and 27℃), the day time less than 13 h caused the diapause of H. cunea, while when the day time reached 16 h tended the individual continued to develop without diapause. The diapause is controlled by photoperiod and temperature at the same time when the day length was in the range of 13 to 16 h, and the diapause incidence decreased with the increase of temperature or photoperiod. The critical photoperiod was 14 h 58 min:9 h 02 min (L:D), 14 h 45 min:9 h 15 min (L:D), 14 h 35 min:9 h 25 min (L:D) and 14 h 24 min:9 h 36 min (L:D) at 21, 23, 25 and 27℃, respectively. Also, the response of the larvae to short photoperiod inducing diapause is cumulated, and the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar were the most sensitive instars to short photoperiod inducing diapause of H. cunea. Conclusion: The results indicate that the H. cunea is a typical short-photoperiod diapause (long photoperiod development) insect. The photoperiod plays a crucial role in the process of diapause induction, and temperature is the cofactor of diapause induction. Low temperature and short photoperiod are favorable for the diapause, and the critical photoperiod shortens with the increase of temperature. It is found that 3-5 instar of H. cunea larvae are the most sensitive developmental stage to diapause induction by short photoperiod.

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Effects of Regional Landscape Pattern on the Epidemic of Poplar Rust Disease: A Case Study of Populus alba in Yanqing, Beijing Article

Jingwei He,Yiying Zhang,Chengming Tian,Dianguang Xiong,Yingmei Liang

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(4 ):99 -108. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200411

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Objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between the landscape pattern and the epidemiology of poplar rust disease, and explain the incidence of poplar rust disease in Yanqing district of Beijing in terms of the landscape, in order to provide essential information for the control of the disease. Method: A total of 78 sites were set in Yanqing, Beijing to investigate the disease. According to the disease classification standards, the incidence of poplar rust disease was recorded, and the disease index was calculated. Based on the remote sensing image classification map of the research area, the sample site is set as the center and a buffer zone with a radius of 250, 500, 750 and 1 000 m was set up. Fragstats software was used to calculate the landscape metrics of landscape level and class level in each scale buffer zone.R software was used to implement statistical analysis, correlation analysis of landscape metrics under different scales, and stepwise regression analysis of disease index and landscape metrics, and Canoco, the ecological statistical analysis of ware, was used for RDA analysis of class level. Result: The result showed that the disease occurred frequently in the study area, with the disease index between 5.6 and 94.1. The severity of the disease was significantly affected by the landscape pattern, habitat environment and management status. At the landscape level, the landscape pattern in different buffer zones had different responses to the severity of poplar rust disease, and the factors with significant influence on the disease were also different. At the class level, cropland patches and grassland patches had significant impacts on the occurrence of poplar rust disease, which was mainly reflected in the common metrics such as patch density(PD), and intersperse and juxtaposition index IJI. Conclusion: In the landscape structure, the corridor of road and the foundation of grassland and cultivated land provide convenient conditions for the spread of disease, which can promote the occurrence of poplar rust disease. In this study, the landscape pattern of 500 m buffer is the optimal scale of disease management. Under this scale, the landscape metrics establish the most significant correlation with the disease index. Combined with the pathological characteristics of poplar rust disease, this study considers that the occurrence of the disease can be explained by the area-shape, landscape aggregation and diversity. The complexity of the shape of the patches inside the landscape and the level of diversity of the landscape will affect the occurrence of disease, and it will greatly promote the prevalence of disease with dispersed patches in the landscape, refined landscape structure as well as the uniform distribution between patches.

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Effects of Nitrogen and Water Addition on Leaf N:P Stoichiometry of the Two Dominant Species in Artemisia ordosica Community Article

Jie Fu,Weiwei She,Yuxuan Bai,Yuqing Zhang,Yangui Qiao,Shugao Qin

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(5 ):12 -18. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200502

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Pathogenicity of Aseptic Bursaphelenchus xylophilus on Pinus massoniana Article

Lihua Zhu,Xinyue Zhang,Xinrui Xia,Yu Wan,Shanjun Dai,Jianren Ye

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(7 ):63 -69. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200707

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Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the roles of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode,PWN) and the bacteria associated with PWN in the development of pine wilt disease (PWD),to provide theory gist for research on PWN pathogenic mechanism and PWD prevention. Method: Five-year-old healthy Pinus massoniana seedlings grown in green house were artificially inoculated with aseptic PWNs and non-aseptic PWNs,including 8000 PWNs per seedling,and then the status of seedling wilting was observed. The cross section was taken to detect the resin secretion after 5,10 and 30 days of inoculation. The anatomical structure of stem section was observed under a microscope after 20 days of inoculation. The PWNs were re-isolated from wilting seedlings after 30 days of inoculation. Result: Both aseptic PWNs and non-aseptic PWNs wilted 5-year-old seedlings of P. massoniana, expressing similar symptom.The wilting rate reached 90% after 35 days of inoculation,while the control seedlings remained healthy. The observation of cross sections showed that resin stopped secreting after 5 days of aseptic PWNs inoculation,a small amount of cavities began to appear after 10 days,and serious cavitation appeared after 30 days. The observation of cross sections showed that resin decreased secretion but not stopped yet after 5 days of non-aseptic PWNs inoculation,the secretion stopped after 10 days and cavities formed after 30 days. While the control pines secreted normally resin and there is no cavity in their stems. The results of paraffin section showed that the histological and anatomical structure of the stem segments of wilted seedlings changed remarkably in the both treated groups. Most of the cells,in cortex,xylem and pith,were deformed and the epithelial cells near the resin canal were broken and disintegrated. The multiplication rate of aseptic PWNs in wilted seedlings was higher than that of non-aseptic PWNs. The average number of nematodes re-isolated from wilted seedlings was (8 105±5 661)·g^-1 for aseptic PWNs and (4 317±1 896)·g^-1 for non-aseptic PWNs,with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.3619). Conclusion: Both of the aseptic and non-aseptic PWNs are able to infect P. massoniana. Asepsis does not make PWNs lose their pathogenicity on P. massoniana. PWNs are necessary factor in the PWD development while,the pathogenicity has nothing to do with the associated bacteria.

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Identification and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions and Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Streptomyces rochei A-m1 from the Branch of Malus sieversii Article

Yongli Li,Yahong Wang,Zhou Zhou,Liangjian Qu

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(7 ):70 -81. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200708

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Diversity of Associated Fungi of Agrilus mali (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Wild Apple Forests of Xinjiang Article

Zhongfu Zhou,Wenxia Zhao,Ruozhu Lin,Wenxia Huai,Yanxia Yao

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(7 ):82 -90. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200709

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Objective: This study aims to investigate the fungal groups associated with pest Agrilus mali (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in the wild apple (Malus sieversii) forests in Xinjiang and their diversity, and to study the death of trees caused by A. mali and the associated fungi altogether. Method: The strains of the associated fungi were obtained by isolating the tissues of the beetle larvae, pupae, adults and galleries. The identification was conducted based on the molecular data. The diversity of the associated fungi was analyzed using the statistical and graphic software. Result: The result showed that totally 57 genera of the associated fungi, belonging to six classes and eighteen orders, were isolated. Among them, 40 genera were isolated from galleries, 37 genera from adults and 34 genera from larvae+pupae, respectively. As a whole, Alternaria is the dominant genus for all experimental materials, with the relative abundance of 30.58%, followed by Fusarium which was 13.8%. In terms of the isolation materials, Alternaria was also the main group from the adults, Dothiorella was the main group from the larvae+pupae, and Cytospora was the main group from the galleries, with the relative abundance 50.30%, 13.91% and 16.96%, respectively. Besides, in the three experimental materials, the β-dissimilarity index of the fungi from the larvae+pupae and adults were the highest (Jaccard dissimilarity index=0.608, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index =0.683); the two dissimilarity indices of fungi from the adults and galleries were quite different (Jaccard dissimilarity index = 0. 490, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index = 0.609); Shannon-Wiener index (H' = 2.949 6) and Richness index (R = 7.206 7) of the fungi from the galleries were the highest, while Pielou index (J=0. 830 2) of the fungi from the larvae +pupae was the highest; adults fungi population diversity index (H' = 2.012 8), Pielou index (J=0.557 4) and Richness index (R=6.214 4) were the lowest, indicating that the adult carried relatively less diverse fungi, however, the proportions of several main fungi species were significantly different among the whole associated fungal groups. Conclusion: The associated fungi of A. mali are diverse, with the various compositions and numbers on three experimental materials. For four main associated genera fungi, Fusarium usually leads to branches withered and rot of their host plants, while Dothiorella and Cytospora cause plants canker. Therefore, we suggest that the wild apple trees are likely endangered by both A. mali and its associated fungi above western Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. The result provides insights to the communities and structures of the associated fungi of A. mali. In addition, the findings would be helpful to establish the effective management strategy of the pest insect.

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Population Differentation of Batocera lineolata(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Adults Whose Larvae Fed on Different Host Tree Species Article

Han Peng,Shouke Zhang,Xiansheng Geng,Linxin Fang,Wei Zhang,Jinping Shu,Haojie Wang

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(7 ):91 -103. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200710

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Objective: The effects of different host tree species, on which Batocera lineolata larvae fed, on adult behavior and the internal mechanism were discussed based on the comparisons of the supplementary nutritional behavior, morphological characteristics and genetic traits of B. lineolata adults. Method: B. lineolata adults emerged from host trees of Populus tomentosa and Fraxinus pennsylvanica were collected respectively. The external morphology and male genital structure of B. lineolata adults from the two host plants were observed and compared. Then, through the feeding preference experiment, the feeding behavior and mating behavior of these two kinds of adults on the shoots of five plant species, i.e. Rosa multiflora, Carya illinoinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki, F. pennsylvanica and P. tomentosa were observed. The interactive mating tests were conducted between B. lineolata adults from the two host plants. Finally, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI) gene sequences of the two populations of B. lineolata were cloned by universal primer, and the sequence differences and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed based on COI gene. Result: 1) There are obvious differences in external morphology between the two B. lineolata beetles whose larvae fed on P. tomentosa and F. pennsylvanica, respectively. The bottom of abdomen of the male adults emerged from F. pennsylvanica is narrow, in obtuse angle, inward-concave and covered with sparse hairs, and the bottom of the female adults is curved-concave, and the central indentation of the bottom is not obvious. However, the bottom of abdomen of the male adult from P. tomentosa is wide, curved, inner-concave and covered with dense hairs. And the bottom of the female adults is flattened and the central indentation of the bottom is obvious. The genital morphological characteristics of the two beetles are similar. 2) B. lineolata adults from F. pennsylvanica only consumed the fresh branches of F. pennsylvanica, and B. lineolata from P. tomentosa fed on three plant species, and preferred order was R. multiflora > C. illinoinensis > V. odoratissimum var. awabuki; 3) Male and female adults from different host plants were able to mate with each other, and the mean mating bouts was equal to that of male and female adults from the same host plant(P > 0.05); 4) Analysis of molecular variation(AMOVA) for COI genes indicated a significant genetic differentiation between the two B. lineolata populations(F_st =0.813 85, P < 0.001), and most of the genetic variance was among populations(81.39%) rather than within populations(18.61%). Conclusion: Larval feeding experience(feeding on different host plants) and habit differentiation can significantly affect feeding behavior of B. lineolata adults and genetic variation of populations.

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Antifungal Activity of 4 Kinds of Aromatic Essential Oil Derived from Plants to Pathogenic Fungi of Bamboo Article

Anke Wang,Yufang Bi,Xing Wen,Yukui Wang,Hanjiang Cai

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(6 ):59 -67. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200606

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Objective: In this study, the antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) of cinnamon(Cinnamomum cassia), citronella(Cymbopogon nardus var. lenabatu), garlic(Allium sativum) and tea tree(Melaleuca alternifolia) against 12 kinds of pathogenic fungi of bamboo was investigated, and the effective antibacterial components of the four kinds of essential oils were compared. The purpose of this study are to make a good use of EOs in preventing and controlling bamboo forest diseases and developing an efficient, economical and pollution-free biological pesticide for bamboo. Method: Four essential oils of cinnamon, citronella, garlic and tea were emulsified with 3% polyvinyl alcohol, and PDA medium containing essential oils of different concentrations (0.005%-2.0%) was used to test the effects of four essential oils on 12 kinds of pathogenic fungi. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MFC (minimal fungicidal concentration) of 4 EOs to 12 bamboo pathogenic fungi (Schizophyllum commune, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Rhizoctonia sp., Helminthosporium sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Cladosporium oxysporium, Fusarium solani, Alternaria alternate, Aureobasidium pullulans, Epicoccum nigrum, Aciculosporium take, Shiraia bambusicola) were detected. According to the result of MIC and MFC, different concentrations of essential oil were selected:0.01% cinnamon (0.02% cinnamon for Epicoccum nigrum and Aciculosporium take), 0.05% garlic, 0.1% citronella (0.03% citronella for Alternaria alternate used), 0.1% tea tree for Cladosporium oxysporium, Alternaria alternate, Aureobasidium pullulans, Epicoccum nigrum and Aciculosporium take and 0.5% tea tree for other 7 kinds of fungi. The concentration of trans-cinnamaldehyde, diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, citronellal and terpine-4-ol was the same as the corresponding EOs, and the concentration of citronellol and geraniol was 25% of citronella EO. The antifungal ability was evaluated by continuously recording the growth diameter of the fungus. Result: The EOs of cinnamon, citronella, garlic and tea tree all had to different degrees inhibitory effects on 12 tested pathogens. MIC of cinnamon EO was mainly 0.005% to 10 fungi (0.010% to 2 pathogen fungi), and the MFC was 0.01%-0.10%. MIC of garlic EO was 0.005%-0.010% to 11 fungi (0.200% to 1 pathogen fungus), and the MFC was 0.1% -1.5% (2 fungi exceeded the test concentration by 2.0%). MIC of citronella EO was 0.005%-0.030%, and the MFC is 0.04%-0.50%. MIC of tea tree EO was 0.03%-0.20%, and MFC is 0.2%-1.5%. According to the analysis of drug resistance (MFC/MIC), cinnamon and tea tree EOs had better drug resistance, followed by citronella EO, and garlic EO was the worst. In addition, it has been verified that the effective antifungal components of cinnamon, citronella, tea tree and garlic EOs were trans-cinnamaldehyde, citronella and geraniol, terpine-4-alcohol, and diallyl sulfide, respectively. Conclusion: Cinnamon, citronella, tea tree and garlic EOs have antifungal effect of pathogenic fungi from bamboo. Comprehensive assessment of 4 EOs, cinnamon EO is the best; citronella and tea tree EOs followed, but tea tree EO has low economic value for biological pesticide due to its expensive price; garlic EO is not suitable for development and utilization due to its high MFC and drug resistance.

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Influence of Weather Factors on Questing Activity of Haemaphysalis longicornis Article

Xufei Liu,Zaibao Zhou,Wei Wang,Jianxu Zheng,Wanhong Wei,Kai Li

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(6 ):68 -75. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200607

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Objective: In this paper, we studied the population dynamics of the dominant hard tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) in the forest environment in the western mountainous areas of Beijing, and investigated the influence of the weather factors on questing activity of H. longicornis, in order to protect tourists and forest workers from their bites. Method: Three experimental sites in the western mountainous scenic area of Beijing were selected, and the tick population in the sites was sampled every two weeks from 2017 to 2018, and the dragging method was used to investigate tick population for 3 hours in each site. During investigation, 9 weather factor data, such as temperature, relative humidity, dew-point temperature and solar radiation, were collected by hygrothermograph and automatic weather station. The principal component analysis, T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the difference in the number of ticks between different sites and the effects of weather factors on questing activity of H. longicornis. Result: The results showed that:1) The annual population dynamics of the H. longicornis presented a bimodal pattern with the peaks occurred in May and September, respectively, and the number of peaks in May was 13.9 times of that in September. 2) There was a difference in the number of ticks among different sites. The average number of ticks collected in Tangjiachang, where animal husbandry was the main activity, was significantly greater than that collected in Donggou (t=-3.38, P < 0.01) with a small amount of agricultural activity, and also significantly greater than that collected in Beigou (t=-3.00, P < 0.01) with fewer human activity. However there was no difference in the number of ticks between Donggou and Beigou (t=-0.77, P>0.05). 3) The solar radiation, saturation difference and evaporation were positively correlated with questing activity of H. longicornis, while relative humidity, leaf-litter layer relative humidity and the dew-point temperature were negatively correlated to questing activity of H. longicorni. 4) Principal component analysis method was used to reduce the dimension of 9 weather factors, and 2 principal components were extracted, and their cumulative contribution rate was 78.32%. The first principal component was defined as the temperature factor, with the maximum contribution of sampling temperature, saturation difference, solar radiation and evaporation, reaching 42.39%; the second principal component was defined as the humidity factor, which contributed the most to the relative humidity, the leaf-litter layer relative humidity and the dew-point temperature, with 35.93%. Conclusion: The adult ticks of H. longicornis have two peak periods in spring and autumn, especially in spring when ticks are more active in warm and dry weather and its population is higher than that in autumn. The coupling of the two attributes makes spring a high incidence of invasion and bites of H. longicornis in northern China. In the livestock area, due to the large number of hosts, the population of H. longicornis significantly increases and therefore, the supervision of tick-borne diseases should be strengthened in the above-mentioned region and weather conditions, especially in spring.

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Expression Patterns of Key Genes of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid/Ethylene Signaling Pathways in the Interaction between Rose and Diplocarpon rosae Article

Ruifeng Liu,Guixia Jia

Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2020,56(6 ):47 -58. DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200605

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Objective: In this paper, the expression dynamics of key genes in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathway in rosa were monitored in order to clarify the roles and regulatory mechanisms of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways in rose in response to Diplocarpon rosae. Method: The detached leaves of cultivar Rosa 'MEIbil' compatible with D. rosae(cfcc87205) was used as the test materials, and five treatments, including inoculation with D. rosae (CK+IN), 2 mmol·L^-1 SA-induced for 2 h and non-inoculation(SA+NO), 2 mmol·L^-1 SA-induced for 2 h and inoculation(SA+IN), 0.2 mmol·L^-1MeJA-induced for 2 h and non-inoculation(JA+NO), 0.2 mmol·L^-1MeJA-induced for 2 h and inoculation(JA+IN), and blank control(CK), were set. The leaves were sampled from 16-144 h post-treatments and the expressions of ICS, NPR1 and PR1 in salicylic acid signaling pathway and the expressions of AOS, JAR, COI1 and MYC2 related with jasmonic acid signaling pathway were detected through RT-qPCR analysis technique. The difference of expression amount of each gene at the same time point over different treatments and the expression dynamics of each gene under the same treatments were analyzed comprehensively. Result: In CK+IN treatment, ICS was down-regulated (P ≤ 0.05), NPR1 was up-regulated at 16 h and down-regulated continuously from 48-144 h post-inoculated(P ≤ 0.05), PR1 and JAR1 were down-regulated at 48 and 16 h post-inoculated (P ≤ 0.05), respectively, but there were no significant differences with CK in other time points. AOS was up-regulated at 16 h, down-regulated at 72 h, and there was no significant difference with CK treatment at 24, 48 and 144 h post-inoculated(P ≤ 0.05). COI1 was up-regulated from 24 to 72 h post-inoculated (P ≤ 0.05). MYC2 was up-regulated at 16 h, and down-regulated at 24, 72 and 144 h post-inoculated (P ≤ 0.05), however there was no significant difference with CK treatment at 48 h. In SA+IN treatment, ICS, NPR1, PR1 and AOS were up-regulated (P ≤ 0.05), there was no significant difference in JAR1 expression between SA+IN and CK+IN treatment(P ≤ 0.05), COI1 was down-regulated from 24 to 144 h post-inoculated(P ≤ 0.05), MYC2 was up-regulated at all time points except at 16 and 48 h post-inoculated(P ≤ 0.05) at which there had no significant difference with CK+IN treatment. In JA+IN treatment, the expression of ICS was up-regulated at all time points except at 16 h post-inoculated(P ≤ 0.05) at which the expression was down-regulated. The expression of PR1 had no significant difference from that in CK+IN treatment before 48 h, and then up-regulated (P ≤ 0.05), while the expressions of AOS and MYC2 were up-regulated especially before 48 h post-inoculated(P ≤ 0.05), and JAR1 had no significant difference from that in CK+IN treatment except up-regulated at 24 h. In addition, the expression variation trends of NPR1 and COI1 were consistent with those in SA+IN treatment. The results showed that D. rosae inhibited the synthesis of salicylic acid and the active jasmonic acid. SA+IN treatment was able to increase the expressions of genes in salicylic acid signaling pathway and promote the synthesis of jasmonic acid, but had little effect on the synthesis of active jasmonic acid. Meanwhile SA+IN treatment weakened the induction effect of D. rosae on MYC2 before 48 h post-inoculation, while the treatment increased the expressions of both ICS and PR1 as well as the expression of MYC2 after 48 h post-inoculated. JA+IN treatment not only promoted synthesis of active jasmonic acid and the expression PR1 but also increased the expression of MYC2. In addition, this study also found that in the SA+NO and JA+NO treatments, the expression levels of 7 genes changed to different degrees compared with that in CK treatments, but the change trends were inconsistent with the corresponding SA+IN and JA+IN treatments, indicating that D. rosae affected the induced expression of genes of the host by exogenous salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on the corresponding signaling pathway. Conclusion: In conclusions, D. rosae has a strong inhibitory effect on the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways of rose, and mainly inhibits salicylic acid signaling pathway before 48 h post-inoculation, and mainly inhibits the jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathway after 48 h post-inoculated. The pathogen, D. rosae, may realize dual inhibition of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways of rose by enhancing the expression of MYC2 in roses.

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