水库汇流区林木生态产权与农户持续参与水源涵养林保护——以黑河金盆水库汇流区为例

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20221208

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: The externalities of water conservation forest and the "one size fits all" ecological compensation standards have not effectively encouraged farmers' protection behavior of water conservation forests in reservoir confluence area. Analysis on the impact of forest ecological property right on farmers' protection behavior of water conservation forests is important for sustainable utilization of water resources and urban water security to explore. Method: Following the logic that subdivision of property rights is the effective way to implement complex property rights, this paper subdivided the forest property right into economic property right and ecological property right, and incorporated ecological property right into the property right structure of collective forest rights. The analytical framework of collective forest rights was constructed from two aspects: integrity and stability of property right. Based on this analytical framework, the Double-Hurdle model was used to analyze the influence of forest ecological property right on farmers' continuous participation in forest protection with the micro-data of 708 households in the confluence area of the Heihe Reservoir. Result: The farmers' protection behavior of water conservation forests was measured by afforestation investment, and the result showed that the key factor affecting the farmers' protection behavior was whether it was "profitable". Under the condition that the use right and disposal right of forest land are strictly limited, how much ecological property right income can be obtained has an important impact on farmers' protection behavior of water conservation forests. In the property right structure of collective forest rights, only the income right of ecological products affects farmers' willingness to invest in forestry, but the other items of property rights do not significantly affect their willingness. If the farmers have willingness to invest, the forest land use right, economic products income right and ecological products income right all positively influence their forestry investment intensity, however the disposal right negatively influences their investment intensity. As for the stability of property rights, the lower the expectation of forestland expropriation risk is, the higher the possibility of investment in forestry and the higher the level of investment. Because the redistribution of forestland usually avoids the harvest period, the redistribution of forestland only negatively affect the investment level, and has no significant effect on the investment intention. The integrity and stability of collective forest right not only have an important impact on Farmers' afforestation investment, but also have an important impact on the sustainability of behavior. The impact direction and significance level are basically consistent with the impact of property rights on the investment intensity. Conclusion: Under the condition that the use right and disposal right of forest land are strictly limited, gains from ecological property rights are the main motivation for farmers to participate in the protection of water conservation forests. The ecological property right of water conservation forest has a positive effect on farmers' forest protection behavior and the sustainability of their behavior. On this basis, this paper points out that the principle solution is to improve the collective forest right system in the reservoir confluence area and the market-oriented ecological compensation mechanism for water conservation forests.

Key words: reservoir confluence area, forest ecological property right, water conservation forest protection

CLC Number:

F325.15

Min Li,Yuge Wang,Weili Wang,Quanxing Meng. Ecological Property Right of Forests in Reservoir Confluence Area and Farmers' Continuous Participation in Protection of the Water Conservation Forest —a Case Study in the Confluence Area of Heihe Reservoir[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(12): 74-88.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig.1

Table 1

Variable definition and descriptive statistics"

变量类型 Variables	变量名称 Variable name	含义与赋值 Definition and assignment	均值 Mean	标准差 SD
	投资意愿Willingness of investment	无投资意愿=0；有投资意愿=1 No=0; Yes=1	0.93	0.26
因变量Dependent variable	投资强度Intensity of investment	2015-2019年单位面积累计投入 Cumulative input per unit area from 2015 to 2019/yuan	935.82	615.76
	未来5年继续投资意愿Sustainable investment willingness	无投资意愿=0；有投资意愿=1 No=0; Yes=1	0.71	0.45
	使用权The right to use
	转为其他林业用途Conversion to other forestry uses 选择树种Select tree species	没有权利=0；不确定=1；有权利，但须经村里或政府部分同意=2；有权利，且可以自由行使=3 No rights=0; Not sure=1; Have the right but with the consent of the village or the government first=2; Have the right and exercise it freely=3	1.76 1.94	0.63 0.72
	经营非木质林产品Non- wood forest products		2.20	1.17
	收益权The right to profit
	经济产权收益Economic property right 生态产品收益Ecological property right	没有权利=0；不确定=1；有权利但不独享，部分收益被村里或政府侵占=2；有权利，且独享收益=3 No rights=0; Not sure=1; Have right but not exclusive, some of the profits are appropriated by the village or the government=2; Have right exclusively=3	2.50 1.39	0.79 0.56
核心自变量Core independent variable	处置权The right to dispose
	流转权Right of circulation	没有权利=0；不确定=1；有权利，但须经村里或政府部分同意=2；有权利，且可以自由行使=3 No rights=0; Not sure=1; Have the right but with the consent of the village or the government first=2; Have the right and exercise it freely=3	2.12	0.57
	调整风险Expectation of redistribution	林地村内调整的可能性：不可能=0，不确定=1，有可能=2 The expectation of redistribution: Non possible=0; Not sure=1; May be=2	1.40	0.61
	征收风险Expectation of expropriation	林地被征收的可能性：不可能=0，不确定=1，有可能=2 The expectation of expropriation: Non possible=0;Not sure=1;May be=2	1.38	0.75
	年龄Age	2019年受访者年龄 Age of respondents in 2019/year	49.50	11.35
	文化程度Education	文盲(没上过学)=1；小学=2；初中=3；高中=4；大专=5；本科及以上=6 Illiteracy=0; Primary school=2; Junior middle school=3; High school=4; Junior College=5; Bachelor degree and above=6	2.31	0.97
	健康状况Health	很差=1；比较差=2；一般=3；较健康=4；很健康=5 Very poor=1; poor=2; Average=3; Good=4; Perfect=5	3.47	1.13
	是否党员(村干部) Party member (Village Cadre)	否=0；是=1 No=0; Yes=1	0.18	0.39
控制变量Control variable	家庭人口数Household size	家庭总人口 Number of family people	4.28	1.23
	固定资产(包括住房) Household fixed assets	家庭固定资产总值 Total value of household fixed assets/(10⁴ yuan)	24.50	15.69
	林地面积Area of forest land	农户家庭承包林地，平均单块林地面积 Average stand area/hm²	0.71	0.42
	林地距离Distance between home and Forest land	从家到林地所需时长，取10分钟的整数 The time it takes to get from home to the forest land is rounded to 10 minutes	96.94	110.56
	林地质量Quality of forest land	很差=1；较差=2；一般=3；较好=4；很好=5 Very poor=1; Poor=2; Average=3; Good=4; Perfect=5	2.50	0.95
	林木类型Type of tree	纯用材林=1；用材林和经济林混合林=2；纯经济林=3 Timber forest=1; Mixed forest=2; Economic forest=3	2.61	0.74

Table 1

Table 2

The regression results of collective forest right's influence on farmers'forestry investment"

项目 Factors	投入意愿(Probit模型) Willingness of investment (Probit modle)		投入强度(Truncated模型) Investment intensity (Truncated modle)		未来5年继续投入意愿 Sustainable investment willingness (Probit modle)
项目 Factors	系数 Coef.	Z值 Z	系数 Coef.	Z值 Z	系数 Coef.	Z值 Z
产权完整性 The integrity of property rights
使用权 The right to use	0.321 (0.778)	0.41	1.513 (0.324)	4.68^***	1.443 (0.467)	3.09^***
收益权 The right to profit	1.738 (0.867)	2.00^**	1.095 (0.314)	3.49^***	1.698 (0.484)	3.51^***
处置权 The right to dispose	-0.767 (0.630)	-1.22	-0.336 (0.206)	-1.63	-0.808 (0.316)	-255^**
产权稳定性 The stability of property rights
调整风险 Expectation of redistribution	0.652 (0.828)	0.79	-1.101 (0.347)	-3.17^***	-0.764 (0.496)	-1.54
征收风险 Expectation of expropriation	-1.575 (0.694)	-2.27^**	-0.683 (0.291)	-2.35^**	-1.383 (0.417)	-3.31^***
控制变量 Control variable
年龄 Age	0.005 (0.008)	0.56	0.016 (0.004)	4.31^***	0.019 (0.005)	3.50^***
受教育程度 Education	-0.356 (0.103)	-3.45^***	-0.026 (0.045)	-0.59	-0.130 (0.063)	-2.05^**
健康状况 Health	0.098 (0.085)	1.18	0.040 (0.037)	1.09	0.053 (0.053)	1.01
是否党员(村干部) Party member (Village Cadre)	-0.260 (0.229)	-1.14	0.100 (0.104)	0.96	0.020 (0.147)	0.13
家庭人口数 Household size	-0.011 (0.077)	-0.14	0.086 (0.031)	2.77^***	0.099 (0.045)	2.23^**
家庭固定资产 Household fixed assets	0.377 (0.170)	2.22^**	0.137 (0.093)	1.47	0.102 (0.125)	0.81
林地面积 Area of forest land	0.172 (0.033)	5.26^***	-0.015 (0.006)	-2.57^**	0.003 (0.009)	0.32
林地距离 Distance between home and Forest land	-0.002 (0.001)	-2.63^***	-0.000 (0.000)	-2.09^**	-0.001 (0.001)	-1.48
林地质量 Quality of forest land	0.386 (0.103)	3.75^***	0.225 (0.041)	5.49^***	0.331 (0.061)	5.46^***
林木类型 Type of tree	0.051 (0.130)	0.40	0.054 (0.052)	1.03	0.041 (0.074)	0.55
LR χ²	116.76^***				110.11^***
Wald χ²			134.90^***
样本量 Sample size	708		657		708
Mean VIF	1.53		1.53		1.53

Table 2

Table 3

The regression results of collective forest right's influence on farmers' forestry investment—based on separation of economic property right and ecological property right"

项目 Item	投入意愿(Probit模型) Willingness of investment (Probit modle)		投入强度(Truncated模型) Investment intensity (Truncated modle)		未来5年继续投入意愿 Sustainable investment willingness (Probit modle)		Tobit稳健性检验 Robust test
项目 Item	系数 Coef.	Z值 Z	系数 Coef.	Z值 Z	系数 Coef.	Z值 Z	系数 Coef.	Z值 Z
完整性认知 The integrity of property rights
使用权 The right to use	0.280 (0.787)	0.36	1.556 (0.323)	4.81^***	1.514 (0.473)	3.20^***	2.760 (0.673)	4.10^***
经济产权收益 Economic property right	0.545 (0.643)	0.85	0.902 (0.258)	3.49^***	1.136 (0.387)	2.93^***	1.821 (0.534)	3.41^***
生态产权收益 Ecological property right	1.201 (0.632)	1.90^*	0.483 (0.219)	2.21^**	0.863 (0.335)	2.58^**	1.091 (0.460)	2.37^**
处置权 The right to dispose	-0.775 (0.631)	-1.23	-0.414 (0.208)	-1.98^**	-0.875 (0.320)	-2.73^***	-0.775 (0.441)	-1.76^*
稳定性认知 The stability of property rights
调整风险认知 Expectation of redistribution	0.606 (0.838)	0.72	-0.980 (0.351)	-2.79^***	-0.648 (0.506)	-1.28	-1.255 (0.725)	-1.73^*
征收风险认知 Expectation of expropriation	-1.470 (0.836)	-1.76^*	-1.047 (0.337)	-3.10^***	-1.761 (0.495)	-3.56^***	-2.307 (0.696)	-3.31^***
控制变量 Control variable
年龄 Age	0.005 (0.008)	0.54	0.016 (0.004)	4.23^***	0.019 (0.005)	3.46^***	0.024 (0.008)	3.19^***
受教育程度 Education	-0.355 (0.103)	-3.45^***	-0.026 (0.044)	-0.59	-0.131 (0.063)	-2.07^**	-0.128 (0.092)	-1.40
健康状况 Health	0.097 (0.083)	1.17	0.038 (0.037)	1.01	0.052 (0.053)	0.98	0.080 (0.076)	1.06
是否党员(村干部) Party member (Village Cadre)	-0.263 (0.229)	-1.15	0.113 (0.104)	1.09	0.037 (0.148)	0.25	-0.105 (0.212)	-0.49
家庭人口数 Household size	-0.011 (0.077)	-0.15	0.084 (0.031)	2.72^***	0.098 (0.045)	2.19^**	0.110 (0.064)	1.72^*
家庭固定资产 Household fixed assets	0.385 (0.172)	2.24^**	0.148 (0.093)	1.60	0.098 (0.126)	0.78	0.691 (0.178)	3.88^***
林地面积 Area of forest land	0.172 (0.033	5.26^***	-0.015 (0.006)	-2.48^**	0.005 (0.008)	0.41	0.031 (0.013)	2.45^**
林地距离 Distance between home & Forestland	-0.002 (0.001)	-2.64^***	-0.001 (0.001)	-2.19^**	0.001 (0.001)	-1.50	-0.002 (0.001)	-3.20^***
林地质量 Quality of forest land	0.386 (0.103)	3.74^***	0.217 (0.041)	5.28^***	0.328 (0.061)	5.39^***	0.429 (0.085)	5.04^***
林木类型 Type of tree	0.054 (0.132)	0.41	0.031 (0.053)	0.58	0.016 (0.041)	0.21	0.123 (0.111)	1.11
LR χ²	117.08^***				112.34^***		133.24^***
Wald χ²			140.45^***
样本量 Sample size	708		657		708		708
Mean VIF	1.59		1.59		1.59		1.62

Table 3

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Ecological Property Right of Forests in Reservoir Confluence Area and Farmers' Continuous Participation in Protection of the Water Conservation Forest —a Case Study in the Confluence Area of Heihe Reservoir

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