基于机器学习算法的华中天然林土壤有机碳特征与关键影响因子

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230051

Abstract

Abstract:

objective: Soil organic carbon contents were simulated for typical forests (evergreen coniferous, deciduous broadleaved and evergreen broadleaved forests) in central China. The optimal models were used to reveal the key factors influencing the accumulation and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon in mixed forests in central China, which would technically improve the understanding of spatial pattern of forest soil carbon. Method: Forest soil organic carbon content of 0–60 cm was modeled by four advanced machine learning algorithms, including support vector machine, multi-layer perceptron of artificial neural networks, random forests and quantile regression forests. Model selection was conducted by comparing their model explanation and performance stability. Result: Models for organic carbon content of forest soil were developed successfully using all the 4 algorithms for 0–60 cm soil depths. The results of multi-layer perceptron, random forests, and quantile regression forests were significantly better than support vector machine, among which random forests processed the most stable results along soil layers, with the highest R² at 0.620. Parent material, bulk density, soil porosity, topography, elevation, vegetation, and moisture deficit conditions jointly influenced the soil organic carbon content of 0–60 cm in the mentioned forests, while the significant factors differed among the topsoil (0–20 cm), middle (20–40 cm) and deep soil layers (40–60 cm) due to different mechanisms. Forest soil organic carbon content in the topsoil was comprehensively affected by soil porosity, geographic factors, vegetation, and climate, besides soil density as the most significant covariate (P<0.05). In the middle soil layer, soil properties and topography were still significant, while the influence of each factor on the soil organic carbon content showed complexity and transitional characteristics (P<0.05). In the deep soil layer, the parent material was the most important influencing factor, followed by soil properties and moisture insufficiency, while the influence of vegetation decreased (P<0.05). Geographically, the 0–20 cm surface soil organic carbon was higher in the southeast than in the northwest, while contents were observed higher in the west than in the east for the two deeper soil layers. Forest soil organic carbon contents were higher in mountainous forests with lower latitudes and higher elevations. Strong evaporation or insufficient moisture supply would limit the accumulation of forest soil organic carbon in all soil layers. Forest soil organic carbon content decreased significantly along soil layers. The highest soil organic carbon contents were found in evergreen coniferous forests, followed by deciduous broadleaved and evergreen broadleaved forests. Conclusion: The distribution of soil organic carbon in natural forests is characterized by spatial heterogeneity and differences among forest compositions in central China. Evergreen coniferous forests performed the largest contribution to soil organic carbon among these forests. Parent material and soil physical properties played a decisive role in the enrichment and distribution of soil organic carbon in the regional forests. Both suitable geographical and favorable topographical conditions contributed to the enrichment of soil organic carbon in forests. The proportion of mixed forests with local species could be promoted in forest management and silviculture to enhance forest soil carbon sinks.

Key words: forest soil organic carbon content, spatial variability, natural mixed forests, machine learning, central China

CLC Number:

S714

Chenchen Shen,Wenfa Xiao,Jianhua Zhu,Lixiong Zeng,Jizhen Chen,Zhilin Huang. Characterization of Soil Organic Carbon and Key Influencing Factors of Natural Forests in Central China Based on Machine Learning Algorithms[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(3): 65-77.

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森林类型 Forest types	土壤样点数量(占比) Number of soil sampling plots [percentage (%)]	土层 Soil layers/cm	土壤密度 Bulk density/ (g·cm^?3)	土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content/ (g·kg^?1)
常绿阔叶混交林 Evergreen broadleaved	128（47.9）	0~20	1.28±0.218	22.32±13.405
		20~40	1.36±0.205	11.46±8.798
		40~60	1.35±0.173	9.57±6.640
落叶阔叶混交林 Deciduous broadleaved	101（37.9）	0~20	1.18±0.229	27.82±17.777
		20~40	1.29±0.224	14.56±11.652
		40~60	1.30±0.215	12.01±9.396
常绿针叶混交林 Evergreen coniferous	38（14.2）	0~20	1.03±0.238	36.41±24.038
		20~40	1.15±0.247	21.45±14.069
		40~60	1.21±0.229	18.75±20.789

变量类型 Variable types	基本变量 Variables	变量简写与常用表达 Abbreviations and common expressions	单位 Units
地理地形因素 Geographic and topographical factors	经度Longitude	Longitude	°E
	纬度Latitude	Latitude	°N
	海拔 Elevation	Elevation	m
	坡度 Slope	Slope	°
	坡向 Aspect	Aspect	°
	景观位置指数Landscape position index	LPI
	高差 Relief	Relief
	海拔高差比率 Elevation relief ratio	ERR
成土因素 Soil forming and lithology factors	母质 Parent material	PM
成土因素 Soil forming and lithology factors	母质中的黏土矿物质比 Clay mineral ratio in parent material	CMR	%
土壤属性 Soil properties	土壤类型 Soil subgroup	Subgroup
	土壤质地 Soil texture	Sand, Clay, Silt	%
	土壤侵蚀程度 Degree of soil erosion	SEr
	土壤密度Bulk density	BD	g·cm^?3
	土壤孔隙度Soil porosity	Spo	%
	表层土壤温度 Surface soil temperature	SST	℃
	表层土壤湿度 Surface soil wetness	SSW	%
	深层土壤湿度 Root zone soil wetness	RZSW	%
植被因素 Vegetation factors	森林类型 Forest type	Forest
	树种结构 Species structure	SpS
	样地平均树高 Mean tree height	H	m
	叶面积指数 Leaf area index	LAI
	均一化植被指数的月均值与年均值 Mean normalized vegetation index	NDVI, NDVI_month
	植被净初级生产力多年均值 Net primary productivity of vegetation	NPP	kg·m^?2a^-1
气候因素 Climatic factors	太阳辐射 Solar radiation	SR	kWh·m^?2
	蒸发量 Evaporation	Evaporation	mm
	地表温度多年均值 Land surface temperature	LST	°C
	月度、生长季、年度气温多年均值 Mean temperature in months, growing seasons and annual mean temperature	MAT, Month_T, GST	°C
	月度、生长季、年度降水多年均值 Monthly, growing season and annual precipitation	MAP, Month_P, GSP	mm
	1—12月月均水分亏损Monthly hargreaves climatic moisture deficit	CMDMonth	mm

模型Models	模型优点Model advantages	重要参数代码 Code of important hyperparameters	解释Descriptions
支持向量机 Support vector machines	处理数据能力强 Good performance for both low and high dimensional data 兼具稳定性和灵活性 High stability and flexibility with large variety of kernel functions	‘kernel’	数据类型和相对转换算法 The type of data and relative transformation
		‘C’	控制数据正态分布的惩罚系数 This penalty parameter controls the regularization of the data
		‘gamma’	决定边界的平滑度 It decides the smoothness of the decision boundary
多层感知器 Multi-layer perceptron	从复杂数据和模糊数据中准确提取信息 The ability to extract patterns from complex or imprecise data	‘hidden_layer_size’	设定隐藏层 Hidden layer sizes
		‘activation’	对应隐藏层函数 Sigmoid function for the relative hidden layer
		‘solver’	权重优化器方法 Weight optimizer method
		‘alpha’	数据正则化强度 Strength of the regularization
		‘max_iter’	最大迭代次数 The maximum number of iterations
随机森林 Random forests	模拟准确性和效率高 High accuracy and efficiency 避免过渡拟合 Prevention of overfitting 适宜大数据量 Being fit for large database	‘n_estimators’	森林决策树子树估算器数量 The number of estimators of subtrees
分位数回归森林Quantile regression forests	优点同随机森林 The same advantages like RF 可以进行不确定性评估 Allowing uncertainty evaluation	‘max_depth’	拆分节点的最大回归深度 The maximum depth of regression to split a node
分位数回归森林Quantile regression forests		‘max_feature’	适用要素的最大特征值 The maximum values of used features

土层 Soil layers/ cm	主要模型参数 Primary modeling parameters		模型评价统计 Statistics of modeling goodness
土层 Soil layers/ cm	数据转换算法 Data transformation	惩罚系数 Penalty	EVS	R²	RMSE	MAE
0~20	线性Linear	1	0.522	0.517	15.309	8.899
20~40	多项式Poly	1	0.485	0.466	8.373	6.088
40~60	多项式Poly	1	0.451	0.449	7.823	5.129

土层 Soil layers/cm	主要模型参数 Primary modeling hyperparameters		模型评价统计 Statistics of modeling goodness
土层 Soil layers/cm	模型优化器 Weight optimizer	数据正则化强度 Strength of the regularization	EVS	R²	RMSE	MAE
0~20	准牛顿算法lbfgs	0.1	0.530	0.496	15.975	9.961
20~40	准牛顿算法lbfgs	0.01	0.531	0.524	7.459	6.206
40~60	准牛顿算法lbfgs	0.1	0.503	0.469	7.020	5.943

Characterization of Soil Organic Carbon and Key Influencing Factors of Natural Forests in Central China Based on Machine Learning Algorithms

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土层 Soil layers /cm	主要模型参数 Primary modeling hyperparameters			模型评价统计 Statistics of modeling goodness
土层 Soil layers /cm	子树估算器数量 The number of estimators of subtrees	拆分节点最大回归深度 The maximum depth of regression to split a node	使用要素最大特征值 The maximum values of used features	EVS	R²	RMSE	MAE
0~20	25	2	11	0.519	0.497	15.952	9.044
20~40	150	10	5	0.562	0.562	6.883	5.808
40~60	100	10	3	0.569	0.569	5.695	4.384

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