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林业科学 ›› 2016, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (2): 91-98.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20160211

• 论文与研究报告 • 上一篇    下一篇

流动沙地人工种植灌丛对地面节肢动物多样性与功能群结构的影响

刘任涛1,2, 朱凡1   

  1. 1. 宁夏大学 西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室 银川 750021;
    2. 巴伊兰大学生命科学学院 拉马特甘 5290002
  • 收稿日期:2014-06-01 修回日期:2015-06-30 出版日期:2016-02-25 发布日期:2016-03-25
  • 通讯作者: 朱凡
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(41101050);宁夏高等学校科学研究优秀青年教师培育基金项目(NGY2015053);宁夏自然科学基金项目(NZ15025);国家留学基金委与巴伊兰大学联合奖学金项目。

Effect of Afforested Shrubs on Ground-Dwelling Arthropod Diversity and Throphic Structure in Desertified Grassland Ecosystems

Liu Rentao1,2, Zhu Fan1   

  1. 1. Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021;
    2. Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan 5290002
  • Received:2014-06-01 Revised:2015-06-30 Online:2016-02-25 Published:2016-03-25

摘要: [目的] 调查不同林龄灌丛地面节肢动物群落特征,分析柠条灌丛林固沙过程对地面节肢动物多样性与功能群结构的影响规律,并以周围封育草地为对照,基于地面节肢动物多样性与功能群结构辨析柠条灌丛对流动沙地的固定恢复效果,为生物多样性恢复、人工灌丛林管理、沙漠化防治提供科学依据。[方法] 在宁夏盐池选择流动沙地,以6,15和36年生柠条灌丛林为研究样地,以周围邻近封育草地为对照,利用陷阱诱捕法,调查不同林龄灌丛样地地面节肢动物群落组成与结构特征,结合功能群划分分析不同林龄灌丛样地间地面节肢动物功能群结构(捕食性和植食性)的变化规律。[结果] 1)地面节肢动物优势类群包括蠼螋科、拟步甲科和鳃金龟科,其个体数占总个体数的78.84%,常见类群包括7个类群,其个体数占总个体数的15.23%;其他26个类群为稀有类群,其个体数占总个体数的5.93%。不同类型生境样地中地面节肢动物类群个体数分布均存在显著差异性,例如,长奇盲蛛科、狼蛛科、泥蜂科主要生存于灌丛生境中,而步甲科主要生存于流动沙地生境中。2)流动沙地柠条灌丛定居6年后,地面节肢动物总个体数以及功能群(捕食性和植食性)个体数均急剧下降(P<0.05),而丰富度和Shannon指数以及功能群丰富度均显著增加(P<0.05)。相对于流动沙地,6,15,36年生灌丛林地和封育草地的地面节肢动物总个体数、捕食性和植食性功能群的个体数分别下降了79%~95%,83%~95%和72%~95%,而丰富度、Shannon指数、捕食性和植食性功能群的丰富度分别增加了0.6~1.4倍、1.0~2.0倍、0.2~1.0倍和1.0~2.0倍。3)在柠条灌丛固沙过程中,不同年龄灌丛林地的地面节肢动物总个体数以及功能群个体数变化较小(P>0.05),并与封育草地间无显著差异性(P>0.05),但丰富度和Shannon指数随着林龄的增加而显著增大(P<0.05),分别在15年和36年灌丛接近封育草地水平,36年生灌丛林地呈现出最高值。4)在柠条林固沙进程中,捕食性和植食性类群丰富度亦随着林龄增加而显著增多(P<0.05)。6年生灌丛二者均接近于封育草地水平,但植食性类群丰富度在15年生灌丛林地达到最高值,捕食性类群丰富度在36年生灌丛林地达到最高值。捕食性和植食性类群间营养关系表现为从流动沙地到柠条灌丛林地变化较大,而受到柠条灌丛林固沙过程以及恢复方式的影响较小,其中植食性类群所占比重高于捕食性类群。[结论] 流动沙地人工种植灌丛可以快速恢复地面节肢动物丰富度和多样性,一旦定居成功后就可以维持草地生态系统营养级关系的相对稳定性。在柠条灌丛生长发育过程中,植食性类群先于捕食性类群的恢复,有利于食物网结构稳定性维持和生态系统功能恢复。与封育自然恢复相比,人工种植柠条灌丛对于沙地地面节肢动物多样性的恢复和保育效果更好。

关键词: 地面节肢动物, 人工灌丛, 多样性保护, 功能群, 沙漠化治理

Abstract: [Objective] The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate the influences of shrub plantation on the ground-dwelling arthropod diversity and their functional structure. With the adjacent exclosure grassland as a control, the effectiveness of afforested shrub plantation on the mobile sand land fixation was examined in terms of ground-dwelling diversity and trophic structure.[Method] In the desertified grassland of Yanchi County of Ningxia, the mobile sand land, and 6-, 15-, 36-years-old shrub plantations, as well as the adjacent exclosure grassland were selected as the experimental sites. The ground-dwelling arthropods and their functional structure were investigated by pitfall trapping method.[Result] 1) It was found that the Labiduridae, Tenebrionidae, and Melolonthidae families were the dominant groups, accounting for 78.84% of the total individuals. There were seven common groups, accounting for 15.23% of the total individuals. The other 26 taxon belonged to the rare groups, accounting for 5.93% of the total individuals. Meantime, there was marked different distribution of arthropod individuals between the microhabitats. For example, the Phalangidae, Lycosidae, Sphecidae families dominated the microhabitats beneath the shrub cover, whereas the Carabidae family dominated the mobile sand land. 2) Abundance of total ground-dwelling arthropods and the abundance of predators and herbivores decreased markedly (P<0.05) after the establishment of shrub afforestation for 6 years in the previous mobile sand land, whereas a reverse pattern was observed in the taxa richness and the Shannon index, as well as taxa richness of predators and herbivores. The total individuals of ground-dwelling arthropods in 6-, 15-, and 36-years-old shrub plantations and the exclosure grassland, and the individual number of predators and herbivores decreased by 79%-95%, 83%-95% and 72%-95%, respectively, whereas the taxa richness, Shannon index, and the richness of predators and herbivores increased by 0.6-1.4, 1.0-2.0, 0.2-1.0, 1.0-2.0, respectively, in comparison to the mobile sand land. 3) During the process of the stabilization, the total abundances and the abundance of both functional groups were found no significant (P>0.05) changes between the afforested shrubland and the exclosure grassland, whereas the taxa richness and Shannon index increased markedly (P<0.05). Taxa richness in 15-years-old shrubland was found to be close to that in the exclosure grassland, whereas the Shannon index in 36-years-old shrubland was found to be close to that in the exclosure grassland. 4) During the process of the stabilization, the taxa richness of predators and herbivores increased (P<0.05) markedly, with 6-years-old shrubland being close to the exclosure grassland, whereas the taxa richness of herbivores reached the peak before those of predators did, with the former in 15-years-old shrubland and the latter in 36-years-old shrubland. The interaction between predators and herbivores was impacted more by the land cover changes from mobile sand land to afforested shrubland, whereas little effect of shrub age was found. The herbivore groups quantitatively contributed much more to the trophic relationship in comparison to the predator ones.[Conclusion] It was suggested that the afforested shrubland could facilitate the fast recovery of taxon richness and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods. After the establishment of shrub plantation, the relative stability of taxonomic and throphic structure of ground-dwelling arthropods could be maintained. During the process of shrub plantation development, the herbivores groups recovered before the predators groups did, which is beneficial to the maintenance of trophic structure stability and restoration of ecosystem functions. The shrub plantation had better effectiveness on recovery of ground-dwelling arthropods biodiversity conservation than the exclosure grassland.

Key words: ground-dwelling arthropod, afforested shrub, biodiversity recovery, functional group, desertification control

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