上海市栽培乐昌含笑开花及传粉生物学

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20240006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究我国南方珍稀观赏树种乐昌含笑的开花及传粉生物学研究，以阐明迁地保护下乐昌含笑的开花特性及繁育特性，为有效地保护和杂交育种提供技术指导。方法: 对乐昌含笑花的形态和开花动态进行了观察，通过TTC法进行花粉活力的测定，采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头的可授性，估算花粉胚株比（P/O）和杂交指数（OCI），并通过人工控制授粉试验和传粉媒介观察，分析乐昌含笑繁育系统的类型。结果: 乐昌含笑花期从3月中下旬到4月上中旬，单花的开放时间为7~12天，单花具有二次开合现象；单株开放时间6~20天。乐昌含笑为雌雄异熟且雌蕊先熟，开花当天柱头可授性最强，开花第2天花粉的生活力最强；乐昌含笑的杂交指数（OCI）等于4，花粉胚株比（P/O）为557.18±46.23。套袋试验表明：乐昌含笑不能进行自发传粉和无融合生殖，人工异花授粉的结实率显著高于自然授粉。繁育系统为兼性异交、自交亲和、传粉过程需要传粉媒介。结论: 乐昌含笑花的形态、开花动态等表明其具有虫媒传粉的特征，二次开合现象把雌雄蕊的成熟从时间上分隔开来，保证其异花传粉，传粉过程需要传粉者。

关键词: 乐昌含笑, 开花生物学, 雌雄异熟, 繁育系统

Abstract:

Objective: With the rare ornamental tree species Michelia chapensis in southern China as research material, this study aims to investigate the flowering and pollination biology under ex situ protection, and provide technical guidance for effective protection and hybrid breeding. Method: Floral morphology and flowering process were observed, pollen viability was measured by TTC method, and the acceptability of stigma was determined by benzidine-hydrogen peroxide. The type of M. chapensis breeding system was analyzed based on the estimated utcrossing index (OCI) and pollen-ovule ratio (P/O), as well as the results of artificial pollination and pollination media observation. Result: The flowering period of M. chapensis was from mid-late March to early and mid April, with the single flowering period for 7–12 days, and the single flowers exhibited a phenomenon of two-time opening-closure flowering. The opening time of individual plant lasted about 6–20 days. M. chapensis showed dichogamy and protogyny in its flowering process, the stigma had the strongest receptivity on the day of flowering, and the pollen had the strongest vitality in the second day of flowering. The outcrossing index was 4 and its pollen-ovule ratio was 557.18±46.23. The artificial pollination revealed the autonomous self-pollination phenomenon did not exist and had no apomixis phenomenon. The fruit-setting rate of artificial pollination was significantly higher than that of natural pollination. The breeding system was facultative outcrossing with partial self-compatibility, and required pollinators in the pollination process. Conclusion: M. chapensis has the characteristic of insect pollination according to the morphology and flowering dynamics. Its two-time opening-closure flowering phenomenon separates the maturity time of the female from male stamens, which ensures its cross pollination. The pollination process requires a pollinator.

Key words: Michelia chapensis, flowering biology, dichogamy, reproductive system

中图分类号:

Q948

朱永莉,张杰. 上海市栽培乐昌含笑开花及传粉生物学[J]. 林业科学, 2024, 60(6): 86-93.

Yongli Zhu,Jie Zhang. Flowering and Pollination Biology of Cultivated Michelia chapensis in Shanghai[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(6): 86-93.

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开花时期 Flowering period/d	雄蕊特征 Stamen characteristic	花粉活力 Pollen viability(%)	柱头特征 Stigma characteristics	柱头可授性 Stigma acceptability
0	雄蕊紧贴柱头，花药未开裂 Stamens cling to stigma, anthers uncracked	13.82	柱头向外显著反卷 The stigma curls outward significantly	++
1	雄蕊紧贴柱头，花药未开裂 Stamens cling to stigma, anthers uncracked	21.32	柱头向外显著反卷 The stigma curls outward significantly	+++
2	雄蕊散开，花药开始开裂 The stamens disperse and the anthers begin to crack	60.37	柱头向外反卷程度减小，松散 The outward curling of the stigma decreases and becomes loose	+
3	花药完全开裂，散粉盛期 The anthers crack completely and pollen dispersion enters its peak period	23.06	柱头少许轻微反卷，不紧贴 The stigma curls outward slightly and loosely	+
4	雄蕊褐色加深，花粉量减少 Stamens become dark brown, and the amount of pollen decreases	15.23	柱头合拢，但不紧贴 The stigma closes but not tightly	+
5	雄蕊开始干缩脱落 The stamens begin to shrink and fall off	10.68	柱头合拢，但不紧贴 The stigma closes but not tightly	+
6	雄蕊脱落大半，花粉量极少 Most of the stamens fall off and the amount of pollen is very few	9.05	柱头合拢，但不紧贴 The stigma closes but not tightly	+
7	雄蕊完全脱落 The stamens completely fall off	?	雌蕊群柱弯曲，柱头之间松散分开 The pistil column curves, and the stigmas separate loosely with each other	?

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