修枝强度对杉木人工林无节材形成及质量的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230455

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究不同修枝强度对杉木无节材形成及质量的影响，为确定杉木大径级无节良材培育的合理修枝强度提供科学依据。方法: 采用随机区组设计，对4年生杉木人工林进行不同修枝强度试验（每年修枝至树干直径6、8、10和12 cm，直至树干修枝净高度达7 m时停止修枝，未修枝木为对照）。在修枝22年后，调查林木生长情况；选取各修枝强度的平均标准木共计30株并砍倒，截取7 m以下树干运回实验室，测定树干饱满度；然后采用锯板法、旋切法切割树干，测定节疤的数量、长径和短径，并统计无节材积比例、无节单板数量比例和节疤体积比例。结果: 胸径和单株材积均有随修枝强度增加而显著下降的趋势，但修枝强度对树高无显著影响；修枝强度6 cm的胸径显著小于其余处理，单株材积显著小于修枝强度10 cm、12 cm和对照（CK）；修枝强度8 cm的胸径显著小于修枝强度10 cm和12 cm，单株材积显著小于修枝强度12 cm。在1.3~4.0 m木段，修枝强度6 cm的饱满度显著高于修枝强度10 cm和12 cm；在4~7 m木段，修枝强度8 cm的饱满度显著高于修枝强度10 cm。锯板法的测定结果表明，节疤数量呈随修枝强度增加而显著降低的趋势，节疤长径和短径均随修枝强度增加而降低，修枝强度6 cm的节疤短径显著小于其余处理。旋切法的测定结果表明，节疤的数量、长径和短径均呈随修枝强度增加而显著降低的趋势。无节材积比例和无节单板数量比例均有随修枝强度增加显著提高的趋势，节疤体积比例有随修枝强度增加而显著降低的趋势。4个强度修枝的无节材积比例均显著提高（至少51.1%），无节单板数量比例均显著提高（至少33.25%）。锯板法和旋切法的测定结果一致表明，修枝强度6 cm和8 cm的节疤分布更少更小且无节材比例提升效果更明显，修枝效果排序为修枝强度6 cm>8 cm>10 cm>12 cm>CK。结论: 修枝强度的确定取决于经营目标。若要追求更大的胸径、树高和单株材积生长但对木材质量要求不高时，可选择修枝强度10 cm和12 cm；若要追求更大的树干饱满度、无节材积比例和无节单板数量比例，以及更低的节疤体积比例和更少及更小的节疤的数量、长径和短径，但对生长量要求不高时，可选择修枝强度6 cm和8 cm。

关键词: 杉木, 修枝强度, 无节材, 旋切法, 锯板法

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of different pruning intensities on the formation and quality of clear wood of Cunninghamia lanceolata, in order to provide a scientific basis for guiding the cultivation of large-diameter-class, high-quality clear wood of C. lanceolata with reasonable pruning intensity. Method: With a randomized block design, an experiment was implemented in that a 4-year-old C. lanceolata plantation that was subjected to different pruning intensities (i.e. the trees were pruned annually until their stems with a diameter of 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm, respectively, and the pruning was stopped when the pruning clear bole height of stems reached 7 m, with the unpruned trees served as the control). After 22 years of pruning, the growth of the trees was investigated. A total of 30 average standard trees from different pruning intensities were selected and cut down, and the stems below 7 m were cut off and carried back to the laboratory for the determination of plumpness of the stems. The number, long diameter, and short diameter of knots were measured after the stems were cut according to the saw-cutting method and rotary cutting method, and the ratios of clear wood volume, knot-free veneer quantity, and knot volume were counted. Result: The diameter at breast height (DBH) and individual volume showed a significant decrease trend with increasing pruning intensity, but pruning intensity had no significant effect on tree height. The DBH with a pruning intensity of 6 cm was significantly smaller than that with other treatments, and the individual volume was significantly smaller than that with the pruning intensities of 10 cm and 12 cm, and of the control (CK). The DBH with a pruning intensity of 8 cm was significantly smaller than that with pruning intensities of 10 cm and 12 cm, and the individual volume was significantly smaller than that with a pruning intensity of 12 cm. In the 1.3–4 m cut logs, the plumpness with a pruning intensity of 6 cm was significantly higher than that with pruning intensities of 10 cm and 12 cm. In the 4–7 m cut logs, the plumpness with a pruning intensity of 8 cm was significantly higher than that with a pruning intensity of 10 cm. The determination results of the saw-cutting method showed a significant decrease trend of the number of knots with the increasing pruning intensity, and both the long and short diameters of knots decreased with increasing pruning intensity, and the short diameter of knots with a pruning intensity of 6 cm was significantly shorted than that with the other treatments. According to the determination results of the rotary cutting method, the number, long diameter, and short diameter of knots all tended to decrease significantly with the increasing pruning intensity. The ratio of both clear wood volume and the ratio of knot-free veneer quantity tended to significantly increase with increasing pruning intensity, while the ratio of knot volume tended to significantly decrease with increasing pruning intensity. Compared with the control, the ratio of clear wood volume with four pruning intensities were significantly higher (at least 51.1%), and the ratio of knot-free veneer quantity were significantly higher (at least 33.25%). The determination results of both the saw-cutting method and rotary cutting method consistently suggested that with pruning intensities of 6 cm and 8 cm had fewer and smaller distribution of knots, and the ratio of clear wood was more obviously improved. The pruning effect was ranked as pruning intensities of 6 cm>8 cm>10 cm>12 cm>CK. Conclusion: The selection of pruning intensity depends on the management objective. If greater DBH, tree height, and individual volume are desired, without demand of wood quality, pruning intensities of 10 cm and 12 cm can be good choice. If higher stem plumpness and ratios of clear wood volume and knot-free veneer quantity, lower ratio of knot volume, fewer number of knots, and smaller long and short diameters of knots are required, without demand of the amount of growth, pruning intensities of 6 cm and 8 cm can be selected.

Key words: Cunninghamia lanceolata, pruning intensity, clear wood, rotary cutting method, saw-cutting method

中图分类号:

S791.27
S725

阮颖超,苏比·热西塔洪,林熙,李明,范少辉,冯随起,陈志云,马祥庆,何宗明. 修枝强度对杉木人工林无节材形成及质量的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2024, 60(6): 50-59.

Yingchao Ruan, Rexitahong Subi,Xi Lin,Ming Li,Shaohui Fan,Suiqi Feng,Zhiyun Chen,Xiangqing Ma,Zongming He. Effects of Pruning Intensity on the Formation and Quality of Clear Wood of Trees in Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(6): 50-59.

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处理Treatment	修枝强度 Pruning intensity	第1次间伐设计保留密度 Reserved density for the first thinning/ (trees·hm^?2)	重复数Repetition	林分密度 Stand density/ (trees·hm^?2)	间伐强度Thinning intensity (%)	保留密度 Reserved density/ (trees·hm^?2)	4年生杉木间伐前后生长量Growth of 4-year-old Cunninghamia lanceolata before and after thinning
							间伐前Before thinning		间伐后After thinning
							树高Tree height/m	胸径DBH/cm	树高Tree height/m	胸径DBH/cm
1	10	900	4	1 563±24	42.5±0.9	896±2	4.50±0.06	7.26±0.15	4.74±0.06	7.89±0.14
2	10	1 200	12	1 701±10	29.4±0.4	1 195±1	4.42±0.06	7.13±0.15	4.60±0.06	7.60±0.14
3	10	1 800	2	1 808±121	0.4±0.2	1 800±117	4.62±0.06	7.19±0.13	4.62±0.06	7.20±0.13
4	6	1 200	4	1 604±13	24.9±0.5	1 204±2	4.44±0.06	6.79±0.15	4.58±0.06	7.14±0.15
5	8	1 200	4	1 688±40	28.4±1.8	1 195±2	4.47±0.05	7.06±0.13	4.59±0.06	7.42±0.13
6	12	1 200	4	1 933±33	38.5±1.2	1 183±5	4.66±0.05	7.66±0.13	4.81±0.05	8.20±0.13

修枝强度 Pruning intensity	胸径 DBH/cm	树高 Tree height/m	单株材积 Individual volume/m3
6 cm	24.23±0.82c	21.96±0.61a	0.511±0.051c
8 cm	26.43±0.80b	23.31±0.67a	0.628±0.053bc
10 cm	28.78±0.49a	22.52±0.39a	0.722±0.031ab
12 cm	29.62±0.83a	23.45±0.68a	0.790±0.054a
CK	27.64±0.34ab	22.22±0.27a	0.659±0.022b

修枝强度Pruning intensity	不同高度木段的节疤数量 Number of knots among wood segments of different heights			树干（高度≤7 m）的节疤数量 Number of knots in stems (≤7 m height)
修枝强度Pruning intensity	0~1.3 m	1.3~4 m	4~7 m	树干（高度≤7 m）的节疤数量 Number of knots in stems (≤7 m height)
6 cm	44d	25d	160bc	229c
8 cm	67c	85c	117c	269c
10 cm	82bc	128b	159bc	369b
12 cm	94b	129b	167b	390b
CK	122a	159a	296a	577a

修枝强度 Pruning intensity	不同高度木段的节疤数量 Number of knots among wood segments of different heights							树干（高度≤7 m）的节疤数量 Number of knots in stems (≤7 m height)
修枝强度 Pruning intensity	0~1 m	1~2 m	2~3 m	3~4 m	4~5 m	5~6 m	6~7 m	树干（高度≤7 m）的节疤数量 Number of knots in stems (≤7 m height)
6 cm	278c	202e	151d	193d	692b	339d	254e	2109e
8 cm	353b	253d	261c	251c	335d	646b	679a	2778d
10 cm	471a	519c	543a	343b	856a	524c	405d	3661c
12 cm	339b	844b	515b	781a	413c	768a	474c	4134b
CK	482a	897a	503b	803a	317d	792a	627b	4421a

修枝强度 Pruning intensity	不同高度木段的无节材积比例Ratio of clear wood volume among wood segments of different heights (%)			树干（高度≤7 m）的有无节材积比例Ratios of unclear and clear wood volume among stems (≤7 m height) (%)
修枝强度 Pruning intensity	0~1.3 m	1.3~4 m	4~7 m	无节材积比例 Ratio of clear wood volume	有节材积比例 Ratio of unclear wood volume
6 cm	82.92a	81.36a	78.54a	80.85a	19.15b
8 cm	78.87a	77.10a	73.12a	76.12a	23.88b
10 cm	74.09a	72.11a	68.38a	71.12a	28.88b
12 cm	69.30a	67.69a	63.95a	66.95a	33.05b
CK	39.43b	27.40b	18.84b	25.02b	74.98a