挠力河保护区退耕模式对鸟类群落多样性的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250203

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to assess the ecological effects of farmland reversion in the Heilongjiang Naoli River National Nature Reserve (hereinafter, Naoli River Reserve), particularly the impact of wetland area recovery on avian habitats. By analyzing changes in avian community composition, this research provides scientific evidence for wetland restoration and species conservation, as well as data support for the management of avian biodiversity. Method: Combining line transect and point count methods, a field survey of avian community diversity in the farmland reversion areas of the Naoli River Reserve was conducted. The collected data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Result: 1) From April 2019 to November 2020, a total of 84 bird species belonging to 36 families and 16 orders were recorded in the study area, including 19 species of national first- and second-class protected birds (accounting for 22.62% of the total). The Shannon-Wiener index of the avian community was 3.101, and the Pielou's evenness index was 0.265. 2) Under different farmland reversion models, avian species richness showed an increasing trend, with significant differences in community diversity (P<0.05). Natural farmland reversion resulted in higher species richness compared to artificial retirement. The proportion of waterbirds was higher in naturally retired areas, while terrestrial birds were more abundant in artificially retired areas. 3) Driven by different reversion durations, species richness increased with the extension of retirement time. The longer the retirement duration, the higher the richness of waterbirds. 4) There were significant differences in avian community diversity among different transition stages (P<0.05), with species diversity increasing with the development of habitat succession. Conclusion: Comprehensive analysis reveals that natural farmland reversion and long-term ecological restoration measures have a significantly positive impact on avian diversity. However, this positive effect requires a certain period to manifest. Therefore, future ecological restoration and conservation efforts should continue to focus on the selection of farmland reversion models and the duration of reversion to ensure the long-term stability of avian diversity and the health of ecosystems.

Key words: natural farmland reversion, artificial farmland reversion, farmland restoration time, bird diversity, transition stages, Heilongjiang Naoli River National Nature Reserve

CLC Number:

Qingming Wu,Xueying Sun,Xiaogang Lin,Lu Chen,Hongxue Lü,Hongfei Zou,Jingli Zhu. Influences of Farmland Reversion Models on Avian Community Diversity in the Naoli River Nature Reserve[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2025, 61(7): 262-273.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 1

Avian community composition in Naoli River Reserve"

中文名Chinese name	学名Latin name	分布Distribution			居留型Migrate type	保护级别Protection level
中文名Chinese name	学名Latin name	七星Qixing	红卫Hongwei	胜利 Shengli	居留型Migrate type	保护级别Protection level
鹈形目	Pelecaniformes
鹭科	Ardeidae
大白鹭	Ardea alba	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
苍鹭	Ardea cinerea	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
草鹭	Ardea purpurea	√		√	夏Summer	LC
大麻鳽	Botaurus stellaris		√	√	夏Summer	LC
鹮科	Threskiornithidae
白琵鹭	Platalea leucorodia	√		√	夏Summer	LC，Ⅱ
鸻形目	Charadriiformes
鸻科	Charadriidae
凤头麦鸡	Vanellus vanellus	√	√	√	夏Summer	NT
鸥科	Laridae
红嘴鸥	Larus ridibundus	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
白翅浮鸥	Chlidonias leucopterus	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
灰翅浮鸥	Chlidonias hybrida	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
黑尾鸥	Larus crassirostris		√		旅Passage	LC
普通燕鸥	Sterna hirundo	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
鹬科	Scolopacidae
红脚鹬	Tringa totanus	√	√		夏Summer	LC
中杓鹬	Numenius phaeopus	√	√	√	旅Passage	LC
黑尾塍鹬	Limosa limosa	√	√		旅Passage	NT
矶鹬	Actitis hypoleucos		√	√	夏Summer	LC
白腰杓鹬	Numenius arquata			√	夏Summer	NT，Ⅱ
反嘴鹬科	Recurvirostridae
黑翅长脚鹬	Himantopus himantopus	√			夏Summer	LC
鹤形目	Gruiformes
鹤科	Gruidae
丹顶鹤	Grus japonensis	√	√	√	夏Summer	VU，Ⅰ
白枕鹤	Grus vipio	√		√	夏Summer	VU，Ⅰ
秧鸡科	Rallidae
白骨顶	Fulica atra	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
雁形目	Anseriformes
鸭科	Anatidae
绿头鸭	Anas platyrhynchos	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
斑嘴鸭	Anas zonorhyncha	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
豆雁	Anser fabalis	√	√	√	旅Passage	LC
白额雁	Anser albifrons	√	√		旅Passage	LC，Ⅱ
绿翅鸭	Anas crecca	√	√		夏Summer	LC
罗纹鸭	Mareca falcata	√	√	√	夏Summer	NT
花脸鸭	Sibirionetta formosa	√			旅Passage	LC，Ⅱ
鸳鸯	Aix galericulata	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC，Ⅱ
白眉鸭	Spatula querquedula	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
鸿雁	Anser cygnoid	√	√	√	夏Summer	VU，Ⅱ
赤膀鸭	Mareca strepera	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
小白额雁	Anser erythropus			√	旅Passage	VU，Ⅱ
凤头潜鸭	Aythya fuligula		√		夏Summer	LC
赤颈鸭	Mareca penelope	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
琵嘴鸭	Spatula clypeata	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
鸽形目	Columbiformes
鸠鸽科	Columbidae
山斑鸠	Streptopelia orientalis	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
鲣鸟目	Suliformes
鸬鹚科	Phalacrocoracidae
普通鸬鹚	Phalacrocorax carbo	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
鸡形目	Galliformes
雉科	Phasianidae
环颈雉	Phasianus colchicus	√	√	√	留Resident	LC
鹌鹑	Coturnix japonica	√	√	√	夏Summer	NT
斑翅山鹑	Perdix dauurica	√			留Resident	LC
雀形目	Passeriformes
伯劳科	Laniidae
灰伯劳	Lanius excubitor	√	√	√	冬 Winter	LC
楔尾伯劳	Lanius sphenocercus	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
红尾伯劳	Lanius cristatus		√	√	夏Summer	LC
鹀科	Emberizidae
灰头鹀	Emberiza spodocephala	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
栗耳鹀	Emberiza fucata	√	√		夏Summer	LC
芦鹀	Emberiza schoeniclus	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
三道眉草鹀	Emberiza cioides	√			夏Summer	LC
黄胸鹀	Emberiza aureola	√	√		旅Passage	CR，Ⅰ
铁爪鹀科	Calcariidae
雪鹀	Plectrophenax nivalis			√	冬Winter	LC
鹟科	Muscicapidae
黑喉石鵖	Saxicola torquatus	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
鹡鸰科	Motacillidae
白鹡鸰	Motacilla alba	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
黄鹡鸰	Motacilla tschutschensis		√	√	夏Summer	LC
雀科	Passeridae
麻雀	Passer montanus	√	√	√	留Resident	LC
鸫科	Turdidae
斑鸫	Turdus eunomus	√	√		旅Passage	LC
椋鸟科	Sturnidae
灰椋鸟	Spodiopsar cineraceus	√			夏Summer	LC
鸦科	Corvidae
小嘴乌鸦	Corvus corone	√	√	√	留Resident	LC
喜鹊	Pica pica	√	√		留Resident	LC
燕科	Hirundinidae
家燕	Hirundo rustica	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
苇莺科	Acrocephalidae
东方大苇莺	Acrocephalus orientalis	√			夏Summer	LC
黑眉苇莺	Acrocephalus bistrigiceps			√	夏Summer	LC
山雀科	Paridae
沼泽山雀	Poecile palustris	√	√	√	留Resident	LC
褐头山雀	Poecile montanus	√	√	√	留Resident	LC
大山雀	Parus cinereus	√	√	√	留Resident	LC
鳾科	Sittidae
普通鳾	Sitta europaea	√	√	√	留Resident	LC
燕雀科	Fringillidae
白腰朱顶雀	Acanthis flammea		√	√	冬Winter	LC
长尾雀	Carpodacus sibiricus			√	留Resident	LC
北朱雀	Carpodacus roseus			√	冬Winter	LC，Ⅱ
太平鸟科	Bombycillidae
太平鸟	Bombycilla garrulus			√	冬Winter	LC
山椒鸟科	Campephagidae
灰山椒鸟	Pericrocotus divaricatus			√	夏Summer	LC
鹰形目	Accipitriformes
鹰科	Accipitridae
白尾鹞	Circus cyaneus	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC，Ⅱ
鹊鹞	Circus melanoleucos	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC，Ⅱ
大鵟	Buteo hemilasius		√		留Resident	LC，Ⅱ
毛脚鵟	Buteo lagopus			√	冬Winter	LC，Ⅱ
苍鹰	Accipiter gentilis	√	√	√	冬Winter	LC，Ⅱ
隼形目	Falconiformes
隼科	Falconidae
红隼	Falco tinnunculus	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC，Ⅱ
红脚隼	Falco amurensis	√		√	夏Summer	LC，Ⅱ
犀鸟目	Bucerotiformes
戴胜科	Upupidae
戴胜	Upupa epops	√			夏Summer	LC
啄木鸟目	Piciformes
啄木鸟科	Picidae
大斑啄木鸟	Dendrocopos major	√	√	√	留Resident	LC
灰头绿啄木鸟	Picus canus			√	留Resident	LC
鷉目	Podicipediformes
鷉科	Podicipedidae
凤头鷉	Podiceps cristatus	√	√	√	夏Summer	LC
小鷉	Tachybaptus ruficollis	√	√		夏Summer	LC
鹳形目	Ciconiformes
鹳科	Ciconiidae
东方白鹳	Ciconia boyciana	√	√	√	夏Summer	EN，Ⅰ
佛法僧目	Coraciiformes
翠鸟科	Alcedinidae
普通翠鸟	Alcedo atthis	√		√	夏Summer	LC
鹃形目	Cuculiformes
杜鹃科	Cuculidae
大杜鹃	Cuculus canorus			√	夏Summer	LC

Table 1

Fig.3

Table 1

Fig.4

Table 2

Fig.5

Table 3

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退耕模式 Farmland restoration methods	多样性指数 Shannon index	均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	优势度指数 Dominance index
AL	2.341±0.257	0.648±0.107	0.133±0.046
AF	1.532±0.269	0.616±0.065	0.281±0.075
FL	2.305±0.215	0.481±0.120	0.157±0.024

自然退耕时间 Time of natural farmland restoration/a	多样性指数 Shannon index	均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	优势度指数 Dominance index
12	2.345±0.477	0.416±0.170	0.183±0.131
5	2.265±0.166	0.457±0.154	0.164±0.023
3	2.289±0.189	0.361±0.034	0.161±0.035

演替阶段 Transition stages	多样性指数 Shannon index	均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	优势度指数 Dominance index
OS	1.228±0.360	0.430±0.118	0.323±0.173
TS1	1.733±0.365	0.402±0.225	0.351±0.186
TS2	1.920±0.258	0.522±0.074	0.211±0.076

Influences of Farmland Reversion Models on Avian Community Diversity in the Naoli River Nature Reserve

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