北京松山国家级自然保护区流浪犬入侵对野生动物活动节律的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250713

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to address the issue of stray dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) invasion into Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve, which initially arose from village relocation in the Yanqing Zone of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games, through examining the disturbance imposed by such dogs on six dominant wild mammal species within the reserve. Method: Based on camera trap monitoring data from 2021 to 2023, this study employed spatiotemporal niche modeling and nonparametric kernel density estimation to examine whether stray dog activity influences wildlife occurrence within the reserve. Result: The population of stray dogs exhibited a phased pattern of spatial expansion. During venue construction and the Games period, dogs were largely restricted to the competition zone and its immediate surroundings. After the event, they continued to disperse deeper into the core area of the nature reserve. Furthermore, the stray dogs exhibited a highly consistent bimodal daily activity pattern, with peak activity occurring from 09:00 to 12:00 and from 20:00 to 02:00 the next day. In the activity area of stray dogs, the activity pattern of roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) shifted from unimodal peak (08:00—12:00) to a bimodal pattern, with peaks occurring at 06:00—10:00 and 17:00—19:00. The activity pattern of Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus) shifted from a unimodal peak (18:00—22:00) to a bimodal pattern in 2022 (05:00—09:00 and 17:00—19:00), with its activity peaks narrowing markedly in 2023 (05:00—07:00 and 14:00—17:00). Wild boar (Sus scrofa) exhibited a marked preference for afternoon activity (14:00—20:00). Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) shifted their peak activity from 23:00—02:00(the following day) in 2021 to a wider interval of 20:00—03:00(the following day) in 2022. However, by 2023, the detection rate of raccoon dogs declined sharply, and no distinct activity rhythm could be distinguished. The common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) exhibited a shift in its activity peaks from 06:00—10:00 and 14:00—17:00 in 2021 to 05:00—09:00 and 13:00—16:00 in 2022. This bimodal pattern further differentiated in 2023, extending to 06:00—10:00 and 14:00—19:00. Conversely, the activity peak of the Koklass pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha), initially concentrated between 15:00—19:00 in 2021, had completely shifted to the 06:00—11:00 in 2023. Conclusion: Wildlife activity in Songshan National Nature Reserve shows a distinct temporal cumulative effect in response to the disturbance of stray dogs. As the activity range of stray dogs expands, the living space of wildlife is continuously compressed, and the original activity rhythms of wildlife have been forced to adjust. To alleviate the persistent and progressive pressure exerted by stray dogs on native wildlife within the reserve, the formulation and implementation of scientific and humane management strategies have become an urgent priority for the reserve authority.

Key words: stray dogs, activity rhythm, camera traps, generalized linear mixed models, invasive predator

CLC Number:

S718.5

Zhengyu Zhang,Yaqian Fan,Qi Sun,Qiaoli Duan,Yingying Han,Weidong Bao. Impact of Stray Dogs on the Activity Rhythms of Wildlife in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(6): 205-215.

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区域 Areas	年份 Year	有记录相机台数 Number of cameras with records	有记录相机点位比例 Proportion of camera sites with records (%)	独立有效事件次数 Number of independent events	单位相机日均独立有效事件次数 Mean daily independent events per camera	流浪犬独特个体数（无重复） Number of unique stray dogs (no duplication)	流浪犬种群规模Group size of stray dogs/ (individuals·group^?1)
赛区 Competition area	2021	17	53.13	136	0.0219	7	3±2
	2022	21	65.63	194	0.0253	9	3±2
	2023	23	71.88	247	0.0294	11	4±2
大庄科 Dazhuangke	2021	11	17.74	79	0.0197	4	2±1
	2022	18	29.03	103	0.0157	6	3±2
	2023	27	43.55	224	0.0227	9	4±2
玉渡山 Yudushan	2021	14	18.67	62	0.0121	2	2±1
	2022	16	21.33	117	0.0200	3	2±1
	2023	23	30.67	184	0.0219	5	3±2
塘子沟 Tangzigou	2021	9	17.65	79	0.0241	2	2±1
	2022	13	25.49	97	0.0204	5	3±2
	2023	19	37.25	128	0.0185	7	3±2
合计 Total	2021	51	23.18	356	0.0191	15	2±1
	2022	68	30.90	511	0.0206	23	3±2
	2023	92	41.82	783	0.0233	32	4±2

年份Year	OR	CI	P
2021	0.11	0.06~0.21	<0.001
2022	0.10	0.04~0.23	<0.001
2023	0.09	0.03~0.31	<0.001

年份Year	σ²	τ_{00 Camera_ID}	ICC	N_{Camera_ID}
2021	5.52	2.92	0.76	209
2022	7.80	4.22	0.95	148
2023	8.65	4.65	0.96	146

年份Year	OR	CI	P
2021	0.42	0.24~0.74	0.003
2022	0.19	0.08~0.46	<0.001
2023	0.20	0.07~0.64	0.006

年份Year	σ²	τ_{00 Camera_ID}	ICC	N_{Camera_ID}
2021	2.67	0.97	0.68	161
2022	4.58	2.31	0.86	151
2023	4.73	2.41	0.87	141

Impact of Stray Dogs on the Activity Rhythms of Wildlife in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve

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年份Year	OR	CI	P
2021	0.85	0.56~1.31	0.469
2022	0.65	0.40~1.06	0.083
2023	0.40	0.16~0.98	0.046

年份Year	OR	CI	P
2021	0.22	0.11~0.44	<0.001
2022	0.12	0.04~0.34	<0.001
2023	0.10	0.01~1.00	0.05

年份Year	OR	CI	P
2021	0.26	0.14~0.47	<0.001
2022	0.16	0.09~0.29	<0.001
2023	0.10	0.04~0.27	<0.001

年份Year	OR	CI	P
2021	0.38	0.18~0.83	0.015
2022	0.14	0.03~0.61	0.009
2023	0.08	0.02~0.38	0.002

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年份Year	σ²	τ_{00 Camera_ID}	ICC	N_{Camera_ID}
2021	6.88	1.11	0.83	187
2022	3.29	0.23	0.06	152
2023	6.33	3.68	0.92	146