油橄榄果渣多酚提取放大动力学和成本效益及其提取物光保护作用

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250648

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: To achieve the large-scale and high-value utilization of olive pomace by-products, this study aims to develop an efficient and low-cost scaled-up extraction process for polyphenols. The extraction kinetics, economic feasibility, photoprotective properties such as UV absorption and tyrosinase inhibition activity of the polyphenol extracts were systematically evaluated, thus providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the high-value industrial application of olive pomace in cosmetics. Method: Total polyphenols were extracted from olive pomace by heated reflux extraction method with ethanol as the solvent. The extraction process parameters (extraction time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio, ethanol volume fraction) were optimized by single factor test and Box-Behnken response surface method. Further scale-up extraction experiments were conducted under optimized process conditions. The multiple models such as the Fick's diffusion, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to fit the scale-up extraction process, which revealed the release mechanisms of total polyphenols and eight monomeric polyphenols, such as hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, from olive pomace. Lifecycle costing analysis method was used to calculate the levelized cost of production of large-scale production. The sun protection factor (SPF) value and tyrosinase-inhibition of the olive polyphenol extracts were determined, and the synergistic effects of binary combinations of its monomeric polyphenols in the polyphenol extract were investigated. Result: The optimum extraction conditions for polyphenols from olive pomace were established as follows: 70% ethanol, a solid-liquid ratio of 1∶25 g·mL^?1, extraction temperature of 98 °C, and extraction time of 77 min. Under these optimized conditions, the actual polyphenol yield was 5.67 mg·g^?1, showing a minor relative error of only 2.4% compared to the predicted value (5.81 mg·g^?1). The regression model demonstrated an excellent fit (R²>0.9, P<0.000 1). Kinetic analysis revealed distinct extraction patterns for different polyphenols. The Fick diffusion model best described the extraction of tyrosol and syringic acid (R²>0.97). The extraction process for rutin and luteolin was most accurately fitted by the first-order kinetic model (R²>0.97), while the second-order kinetic model was able to accurately reflect the extraction patterns of hydroxytyrosol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, oleuropein, and total polyphenols (R²>0.92). The results of cost-effectiveness analysis showed that by reducing the solvent volume and ethanol concentration such as solid-liquid ratio to 1∶10 and the ethanol concentration to 10% of the extraction system, the unit production cost was greatly reduced from 330 yuan·kg^?1 to 92 yuan·kg^?1, whereas the polyphenol extraction yield was kept at 4.21 mg·g^?1. The functional evaluation revealed that the polyphenol extract obtained under the optimal process (1.0 mg·mL^?1) exhibited significant sun protection behavior (SPF of 15.21) and tyrosinase-inhibition (72.14%). After cost-effective optimization, the SPF value decreased marginally by 7.2% (14.12), whereas the tyrosinase-inhibition rate remained at a high level (61.11%), comparable to that of the positive control. Furthermore, Luteolin was identified as the key contributor to the photoprotective synergy, as demonstrated by its combination with oleuropein at a 5∶1 ratio (SPF 11.95, SE 10.39), whereas the combination of ferulic acid and hydroxytyrosol at a 4:3 ratio had the strongest synergistic effect on tyrosinase-inhibition (inhibition rate 72.95%, SE 1.79). Conclusion: This study has successfully established an efficient and low-cost extraction process of polyphenols from olive pomace, which has significant potential for industrial application and market competitiveness. The polyphenol extracts from olive pomace have significant sunscreen and whitening efficacy, showing a considerable potential for development and application in the field of polyphenol-based cosmetics.

Key words: response surface method, sun protection factor (SPF) value, tyrosinase inhibition, cost accounting, synergistic effect

CLC Number:

TS201.2

Yuechao Zhang,Pujun Xie,Caihong Zhang,Yejun Deng,Xiang Wang,Lixin Huang. Kinetics and Cost-Effectiveness of Polyphenol Extraction and Magnification from Olive Pomace and the Photoprotective Effects of Its Extracts[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(8): 129-143.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1

Table 1

Table 2

Fig.2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig.3

Table 5

Fig.4

Table 6

Table 7

Cost accounting of polyphenol extracts extraction process of olive pomace (based on the production of 1 kg)"

成本项目Cost items	计算依据与消耗量Calculation basis and consumption	单价Unit price	价格说明Price description
油橄榄果渣 Olive pomace	5 kg	3 yuan·kg^?1	原材料采购的预估市场价 Estimated market price for raw material purchases
无水乙醇 Absolute alcohol	87.5 L	4.4 yuan·L^?1	大宗工业级溶剂的市场采购价 Market purchase price of bulk industrial grade solvents
水Water	37.5 L	0.00197 yuan·L^?1	根据中国水网可知水费价格大概为1.97 yuan·m^?3 Water price is about 1.97 yuan·m^?3 according to China 's water network
电力（提取、浓缩、干燥）Electricity （ extraction， concentration， drying ）	30 kWh	0.8 650 yuan·(kWh)^?1	耗电量（每5 kg果渣30 kWh）是基于设备功率和运行时间的工艺估算，根据国家电网，工业用电为0.8 650 yuan·(kWh)^?1 This power consumption （30 kWh per 5 kg of pomace ） is based on process estimation of equipment power and running time. The industrial electricity price is 0.865 0 yuan·(kWh)^?1 according to the State Grid
人工操作及维护Manual operation and maintenance	按年产200 t分摊（人工成本为50 yuan·kg^?1，维护成本 1.5 yuan·kg^?1）Amortized at an annual output of 200 tons （ labor costs 50 yuan·kg^?1， maintenance costs 1.5 yuan·kg^?1 ）	51.5 yuan·kg^?1	固定成本的分摊Allocation of fixed costs 人工成本（50 yuan·kg^?1）：基于生产线所需的操作和管理的工资、福利等，按年总人工费用分摊到200 t年产量上得出，具体见附表1 维护成本（1.5 yuan·kg^?1）：指日常的设备保养、巡检、小零件更换等常规维护费用，同样按年产量分摊 Labor cost （50 yuan·kg^?1）: based on the operation and management of the production line required wages， benefits， etc.， according to the total annual labor costs allocated to 200 tons of annual output. The specific calculation is shown in supplemental table 1. Maintenance cost （1.5 yuan·kg^?1）: refers to the daily equipment maintenance， inspection， small parts replacement and other conventional maintenance costs， also allocated according to annual output
设备维护、耗材、管理等Equipment maintenance， consumables， management， etc.	按CAPEX的2%年费率估算并分摊Estimated and apportioned at CAPEX 's 2% annual rate	1.67 yuan·kg^?1	固定资产和综合管理费的分摊Allocation of fixed assets and comprehensive management fees 将项目总投资（CAPEX，即设备、厂房等固定资产）按2%的年费率（涵盖设备折旧、大修基金、保险、财务成本等）估算出年度总费用，再分摊到200 t的年产量上，得到每千克的成本The total investment of the project （CAPEX， equipment， plant and other fixed assets） is estimated at an annual rate of 2% （covering equipment depreciation， overhaul fund， insurance， financial cost， etc.） to estimate the total annual cost， and then apportioned to the annual output of 200 tons to obtain the cost per kilogram
总成本Total cost		565.66 yuan·kg^?1	（5 kg果渣成本+87.5 L乙醇成本+30 kWh电力成本）/1.167 kg产品+人工及维护成本+设备管理等成本=（15+385+26）/1.167+51.5+1.67≈418.21 yuan·kg^?1 （5 kg pomace cost+87.5 L ethanol cost+30 kWh power cost）/1.167 kg product + labor and maintenance cost+equipment management cost=（15+385+26）/ 1.167+51.5+1.67≈418.21 yuan·kg^?1

Table 7

Table 8

Table S1

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波长Wave length （λ） / nm	标准化EE×I
290	0.015 0
295	0.081 7
300	0.287 4
305	0.327 8
310	0.186 4
315	0.083 7
320	0.018 0
合计Total	1.000 0

试验号 Test number	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	多酚得率Polyphenol yield/（mg·g^?1）
1	–1	–1	0	0	3.109
2	1	–1	0	0	4.131
3	–1	1	0	0	4.372
4	1	1	0	0	5.359
5	0	0	–1	–1	3.775
6	0	0	1	–1	4.973
7	0	0	–1	1	2.905
8	0	0	1	1	3.212
9	–1	0	0	–1	4.558
10	1	0	0	–1	4.935
11	–1	0	0	1	2.541
12	1	0	0	1	3.897
13	0	–1	–1	0	3.804
14	0	1	–1	0	3.327
15	0	–1	1	0	3.247
16	0	1	1	0	5.544
17	–1	0	–1	0	3.703
18	1	0	–1	0	3.937
19	–1	0	1	0	3.641
20	1	0	1	0	5.222
21	0	–1	0	–1	4.307
22	0	1	0	–1	4.989
23	0	–1	0	1	2.789
24	0	1	0	1	3.566
25	0	0	0	0	4.728
26	0	0	0	0	4.568
27	0	0	0	0	4.712
28	0	0	0	0	4.651
29	0	0	0	0	4.648

方差来源 Source of variance	总方差 Total square deviation	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方差 Mean square deviation	F	P	显著性 Significance
Model	18.46	14	1.32	84.00	< 0.000 1	**
X₁	2.57	1	2.57	163.91	< 0.000 1	**
X₂	2.77	1	2.77	176.71	< 0.000 1	**
X₃	1.60	1	1.60	102.20	< 0.000 1	**
X₄	6.20	1	6.20	395.04	< 0.000 1	**
X₁X₂	0.00	1	0.00	0.02	0.890 9	ns
X₁X₃	0.45	1	0.45	28.89	< 0.000 1	**
X₁X₄	0.24	1	0.24	15.26	0.001 6	**
X₂X₃	1.92	1	1.92	122.53	< 0.000 1	**
X₂X₄	0.00	1	0.00	0.14	0.710 3	ns
X₃X₄	0.20	1	0.20	12.64	0.003 2	**
X₁²	0.14	1	0.14	9.12	0.009 2	**
X₂²	0.43	1	0.43	27.11	0.000 1	**
X₃²	1.11	1	1.11	70.44	< 0.000 1	**
X₄²	1.74	1	1.74	110.98	< 0.000 1	**
残差 Residual error	0.22	14	0.0157
失拟误差 Misfit error	0.20	10	0.0204	5.09	0.0653	ns
纯误差 Pure error	0.02	4	0.0040
总离差 Total dispersion	18.68	28

时间 Time/min	多酚得率 Polyphenol yield/ （mg·g^?1）	羟基酪醇 Hydroxytyrosol/ （μg·g^?1）	酪醇 Tyrosol/ （μg·g^?1）	丁香酸 Syringic acid/ （μg·g^?1）	绿原酸 Chlorogenic acid/ （μg·g^?1）	咖啡酸 Caffeic acid/ （μg·g^?1）	芦丁 Rutin/ （μg·g^?1）	橄榄苦苷 Oleuropein/ （μg·g^?1）	木犀草素 Luteolin/ （μg·g^?1）
5	1.85	6.61	168.52	0.14	176.12	8.39	230.26	724.64	67.39
10	1.87	6.19	175.19	4.46	178.81	9.63	224.79	726.62	74.47
15	2.89	28.67	290.14	64.68	235.65	41.04	304.53	2387.81	193.87
30	3.29	51.29	446.84	178.20	267.63	49.75	681.53	2878.01	271.14
60	4.84	54.19	594.07	256.37	344.94	63.58	941.02	3600.24	433.29
77	4.92	57.80	608.26	259.46	353.85	66.88	978.73	3661.60	458.07
90	5.10	58.08	609.85	260.22	370.88	68.79	1046.86	3872.21	472.78
120	5.10	60.98	613.09	262.93	380.66	69.03	1075.15	3997.59	481.22

项目Items	菲克扩散模型 Fick diffusion model	一级动力学 First-order kinetics	二级动力学 Second-order kinetics	二级动力学t/C_t与t的线性形式 The second-order kinetics t/C_tt and the linear form of
总多酚Total polyphenols	y=0.041x+0.032，R²=0.978	y=51.00×（1?e^?0.057t）， R²=0.965	$ {C}_{{t}}=\dfrac{{0.435t}}{{1+0.074t}} $，R²=0.974	y=0.164x+3.346，R²=0.984
羟基酪醇Hydroxytyrosol	y =0.036x +0.047，R²=0.928	y=69.23×（1?e^?0.028t）， R²=0.903	$ {C}_{{t}}=\dfrac{{2.306t}}{{1+0.025t}} $，R²=0.996	y=0.012x+0.425，R²=0.923
酪醇Tyrosol	y =0.064x -0.341，R²=0.987	y=628.43×（1?e^?0.042t）， R²=0.984	$ {C}_{{t}}=\dfrac{{32.371t}}{{1+0.042t}} $，R²=0.974	y=0.0013x+0.030，R²=0.982
丁香酸Syringic acid	y =0.061x -0.548，R²=0.972	y=305.29×（1?e^?0.022t）， R²=0.928	$ {C}_{{t}}=\dfrac{{7.106t}}{{1+0.016t}} $，R²=0.914	y=0.002x+0.132，R²=0.830
绿原酸Chlorogenic acid	y =0.034x+0.293，R²=0.974	y=385.20×（1?e^?0.060t）， R²=0.790	$ {C}_{{t}}=\dfrac{{39.279t}}{{1+0.098t}} $，R²=0.929	y=0.002x+0.028，R²=0.996
咖啡酸Caffeic acid	y =0.059x-0.418，R²=0.935	y=70.88×（1?e^?0.038t）， R²=0.937	$ {C}_{{t}}=\dfrac{{3.128t}}{{1+0.034t}} $，R²=0.929	y=0.011x+0.331，R²=0.945
芦丁Rutin	y =0.038x-0.175，R²=0.964	y=1080.33×（1?e^?0.031t）， R²=0.978	$ {C}_{{t}}=\dfrac{{35.05t}}{{1+0.023t}} $，R²=0.970	y=0.017x+0.640，R²=0.959
橄榄苦苷Oleuropein	y =0.035x+0.051，R²=0.974	y=4000.16×（1?e^?0.041t）， R²=0.943	$ {C}_{{t}}=\dfrac{{206.81t}}{{1+0.042t}} $，R²=0.935	y=0.005x+0.109，R²=0.991
木犀草素Luteolin	y =0.047x-0.344，R²=0.982	y=519.18×（1?e^?0.026t）， R²=0.983	$ {C}_{{t}}=\dfrac{{15.39t}}{{1+0.022t}} $，R²=0.976	y=0.037x+1.479，R²=0.983

Kinetics and Cost-Effectiveness of Polyphenol Extraction and Magnification from Olive Pomace and the Photoprotective Effects of Its Extracts

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因素Factor	水平Level
因素Factor	–1	0	1
X₁	30	60	90
X₂	60	80	100
X₃	1∶10	1∶20	1∶30
X₄	60	80	100

二元光保护剂组合 Binary Photoprotective agent combination		摩尔比 Molar ratio	SPF值 SPF value	协同效应值 Synergistic effect value	相互作用 Interaction	酪氨酸酶抑制率 Tyrosinase inhibition rate （%）	协同效应值 Synergistic effect value	相互作用 Interaction
橄榄苦苷 Oleuropein	羟基酪醇Hydroxytyrosol	10∶1	1.35±0.02	1.70	协同效应 Synergistic effect	77.46±2.12	1.58	协同效应 Synergistic effect
	酪醇Tyrosol	2∶1	0.73±0.03	0.57	拮抗效应 Antagonistic effect	64.19±0.35	1.20	协同效应 Synergistic effect
	阿魏酸Ferulic acid	8∶1	1.17±0.11	0.27	拮抗效应 Antagonistic effect	68.70±0.35	1.41	协同效应 Synergistic effect
	丁香酸Syringic acid	10∶1	1.06±0.03	0.95	相加效应 Additive effect	64.23±1.27	1.28	协同效应 Synergistic effect
	槲皮素Quercetin	5∶1	5.05±0.26	3.56	协同效应 Synergistic effect	68.45±2.12	1.36	协同效应 Synergistic effect
阿魏酸 Ferulic acid	木犀草素Luteolin	5∶1	11.95±0.45	10.39	协同效应 Synergistic effect	66.44±0.15	1.35	协同效应 Synergistic effect
	酪醇Tyrosol	1∶4	5.77±0.36	1.10	相加效应 Additive effect	66.44±1.42	1.27	协同效应 Synergistic effect
	木犀草素Luteolin	2∶3	9.64±0.33	1.81	协同效应 Synergistic effect	54.17±1.77	1.24	协同效应 Synergistic effect
	羟基酪醇Hydroxytyrosol	4∶3	7.57±0.47	1.44	协同效应 Synergistic effect	72.95±1.04	1.79	协同效应 Synergistic effect
槲皮素 Quercetin	木犀草素Luteolin	1∶1	10.70±0.62	5.22	协同效应 Synergistic effect	61.19±3.19	1.20	协同效应 Synergistic effect
槲皮素 Quercetin	羟基酪醇Hydroxytyrosol	2∶1	3.21±0.15	2.33	协同效应 Synergistic effect	58.70±2.20	1.18	协同效应 Synergistic effect

项目Item	直接工人成本（81人） Direct worker cost （81 people）/yuan	间接人员成本（9人） Indirect personnel costs （9 people）/yuan	计算说明Calculation description
月基本工资Monthly basic salary	486 000	72 000	直接工人：6 000元/人 Direct worker: 6 000 yuan/per 间接人员：8 000元/人 Indirect personnel: 8 000 yuan per person
加班费Overtime pay	50 000	0	按法定标准计算 Calculated according to statutory standards
绩效奖金Performance bonus	25 000	5 000	与产量/质量挂钩 Linked to output/quality
小计（薪酬）Subtotal （salary ）	561 000	77 000
社保公积金（公司部分） Social security provident fund （company part ）	56 100	7 700	按薪酬的10%估算（比例因地区而异） Estimated at 10% of salary （the proportion varies by region）
餐费交通补贴Meal traffic subsidy	40 500	4 500	直接工人：500元/人 Direct worker: 500 yuan per person 间接人员：500元/人 Indirect personnel: 500 yuan per person
招聘培训分摊 Recruitment and training allocation	10 000	2 000	按年度总费用按月分摊 Amortize the total annual cost on a monthly basis
小计（间接成本）Subtotal （indirect costs）	106 600	14 200
该班组月总人工成本 Total monthly labor cost of the team	667 600	91 200

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